endocrine disruptors in the aquatic environment from non- wastewater sources poul bjerregaard...
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Endocrine Disruptors in the aquatic environment from non-
wastewater sources
Poul Bjerregaard
Ecotoxicology GroupInstitute of Biology
University of Southern Denmark
EEA ’Chemicals and Water’ Workshop, December 6-7, 2010
UK and many other countries
• Discharges from waste water treatments plants cause feminisation in male fish
Feminisation expressed as:
• Intersex– Ovotestes
Intersex in roach
Rutilus rutilus
♀ ♂
Normal testis ♂ - intersex
Bjerregaard et al. 2006. Ecotox. Environ Safety
Intersex-frequency among British roach
Jobling et al. 1998. Env. Sci. Technol. 32, 2498
Intersex in roach
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Inte
rsex
fre
qu
ency
(%
)
Lake Almind Lake Ravn Aarhus Egaa Kristrup landkanal
Control sites
***
Streams receiving sewage effluents
Bjerregaard et al. 2006
Recent French investigation
• 474 roach examined in uncontaminated area• Frequency of intersex:• 0
– Geraudie et al. 2010. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 36, 767-777
Feminisation expressed as:
• Intersex– Ovotestes
• Elevated vitellogenin levels
OvaryLiver
Gonadotropins
Estrogen
Vitellogenin
Estrogenic effect of UK discharges
Harries et al. 1996. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 1993-2002
Danish WWTP effluents
Nonitrifi-cationNitrifi-
cation
E1: 60-70% E2: 30-40% EE2: Less importance
Stuer-Lauridsen et al. 2005. Danish EPA-report
PNEC
Little estrogenic effect from Danish WWTPs
• Still endocrine disrupted fish
Brown trout vitellogenin levels
10
102
103
104
105
106
Vit
ello
ge
nin
(n
g /
ml)
*
*
*
*
EE2
*
*
***
***
*
Kongs
høj Å
BMale fish only
Fig. 3
Voel
Bæ
kU
sser
ød Å
Gib
er Å
Knubb
ro B
æk
Gra
nslev
ÅØ
rum
ÅHo
ed Å
Høj
en Å
Mar
en M
ølleb
æk
Tang
e Å
Hund
stru
p Å
Brend
e Å
Sand
er B
æk
Stokk
ebæ
kken
Vind
inge
ÅBar
brek
ær G
røft
Hat
tebæ
kken
Hald
rup
Møl
leå
Bjerg
skov
Bæ
kSt
avis
Å
Bjerregaard et al. Ecotoxicol. 15, 315-327, 2006 & Bjerregaard et al. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 27, 2387-2396, 2008
Other possibilities
• Leaching of estrogens from agriculture
Leaching from pig manure
Kjær et al. 2007. Env. Sci. Technol. 41, 3911-3917
Leaching from pig manure
Kjær et al. 2007. Env. Sci. Technol. 41, 3911-3917
EC50 values for brown trout
• Induction of vitellogenin synthesis after 8-10 days’ exposure– E2: 15 ng/l– E1: 88 ng/l
Phytoestrogens
Clover Alfalfa PeasLupine
Naturally produced estrogens
O
OH
OH
OCH3O
OHCH3
OHBiochanin A
17β-estradiol
Biochanin AEffects in brown trout
Con
trol
Sol
vent
cont
rol
31±2
2
51±3
9
120±
8623
5±14
850
ng
E2
l-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Vite
llog
enin
leve
l (n
g m
l-1 p
lasm
a)
Con
trol
Sol
vent
cont
rol
0.8±
0.08
1.2±
0.2
1.8±
0.5
3.8±
1.0
9.4±
2.5
100
101
102
103
104
105 B
Fig. 5
***
11 13 15 1515 15
**
*
* *
A
16 14 14 14 151316
15
Phytoestrogens from silage
• Suggested as a potential source of estrogenic activity in UK streams in farmland
Matthiessen et al. 2006. Sci. Tot. Environ. 367, 616-630
Phytoestrogen concentrations in water
• Most determinations:– Nanogrammes per litre range
• Some determinations: – Microgrammes per litre.
Other possibilities?
• Discharges from scattered houses in the open land with simple waste water treatment
Danish survey
• Up to 414 ng/l E2-equivalents in drains from septic tanks
• Stuer-Lauridsen et al. 2005. Danish EPA report
Pesticides
• Numerous pesticides have endocrine disrupting potential
• Many pesticides detected in freshwater systems
Other natural sources?
• Extracts from oak leves have anti-androgenic activity
• Hermelink et al. 2010
• Saponins from horse chestnut?
Endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment
• Potentially a mix various sources:– Natural estrogens
• From humans or livestock
– Synthetic estrogens and androgens– Pesticides– Phytoestrogens– Other natural products
Endocrine disrupting effects –also extending into coastal areas
• UK flounders• Matthiessen et al.
• UK mussels• Langston & Chesman (2006, 2007)
• DK flounders• Unpublished results
• Baltic eelpout?• Unpublished results
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