energy. almost all energy we use comes originally from the sun
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ENERGY
Almost all energy we use comes
originally from the sun.
We use energy sources to generate
electricity.
There are two types of energy -- stored
(potential) energy and working (kinetic)
energy.
Radiation, conduction, convection
Conduction, convection and
radiation are the three major methods of heat
transfer.
They are the three different ways that heat can
spread.
Conduction is the transfer of heat
through an object.
When something is heated the atoms
start to move faster.
As they move faster they collide with
atoms next to them, which collide with
atoms next to them.
This creates a chain reaction that actually
moves the heat along a path, outward from the starting point where the
heat was added.
This is what's happening if you've ever set a pan on the
stove.
The handle gets warm even though only the bottom touches the burner because the metal conducts the
heat.
heat travels from candle to metal rod to hand
Convection is the transfer of heat
energy by movement of
currents.
It causes currents of warm and cool air to move and occurs in liquids and gases.
You may have heard of the
phrase “hot air rises”.
This is convection.
Heat leaves a coffee cup as the currents of steam
and air rise.
The heat moves with the fluid.
Radiation has to do with light.
One of the most important types of
radiation we receive on earth is from the
sun.
The sun sends waves of heat
through space to warm our planet.
Only about 51% of the sun’s rays are absorbed by the earth
The light that you see is actually
made up of waves.
When something is hot, like the burner on your stove, it releases some
of its energy in the form of waves.
The waves travel through the air until they hit something, which gets heated
up.
This is why you can feel the heat from your stove even if
your hand isn't actually touching it.
The burner literally
'radiates' heat.
The different forms of energy
are stored in different ways.
Electrical energy cannot
be stored directly.
Electrical energy can be indirectly stored by
converting the electrical energy to some other
form of energy ("storage" energy).
When a supply of electrical energy is
required, the storage energy is reconverted
back to electrical energy.
Large quantities of "storage" energy are difficult to store and
reconvert.
Energy sources are divided into two groups –renewable (energy we can use over and over again) and nonrenewable (energy that
we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of
time).
Renewable energy sources include solar
wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower.
Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we
split (through a process called nuclear fission) to create nuclear energy.
Non-renewable Energy
Much of our current energy supply comes from coal, oil, natural
gas, or radioactive elements.
They are considered non-renewable because once they are removed from
the ground and used, they are not immediately
replaced.
In fact, the world's natural gas, crude
oil and coal deposits took millions of years to form
Petroleum Products• Ink
• Crayons
• Bubble gum
• Dishwashing liquids
• Deodorant
• Eyeglasses
• CDs and DVDs
• Tires
• Ammonia
• Heart valves
RENEWABLERENEWABLEENERGYENERGY
Renewable energy refers to sources of
energy that are always there.
You might think that we would be tapping
these energy resources, but there is a catch.
While the energy is there, the cost of getting it is
actually greater than using our more popular energy sources of fossil fuels and
uranium.
An important advantage of
renewable energy is that it produces much
less pollution.
Renewableenergy
Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again
Renewable resources include solar energy,
wind, geothermal energy, biomass and
hydropower.
Solar energy comes from the
sun.
Some people use solar panels on their
homes to convert sunlight into electricity.
Wind turbines, which look like giant
windmills, generate electricity.
Geothermal energy comes
from the Earth's crust.
Engineers extract steam or very hot water from
the Earth's crust and use the steam to generate
electricity.
Biomass includes natural products such as wood,
manure and corn.
These materials are burned and used for heat.
Dams and rivers generate
hydropower.
When water flows through a dam it
activates a turbine, which runs an electric
generator.
GEOTHERMALGEOTHERMAL
Our earth's interior - like the sun - provides heat
energy from nature.
This heat - geothermal energy - yields warmth and power that we can use without polluting
the environment.
Geothermal energy is residual heat of the earth.
The heat from the earth's core
continuously flows outward.
This natural energy heats water trapped
under the ground and releases it as steam or
hot water.
Today we drill wells into the geothermal
reservoirs to bring this hot water to the
surface.
heat of steam from geothermal sources
areas geothermal sources
The hot water or steam can be used directly to cook and warm homes or it can be changed
into electricity.
Steam turns turbine, which turns generatorthat produces
electricity
Nuclear Energy
Well-constructed nuclear power plants
have an important advantage -- they are
extremely clean.
There are, however, significant problems with nuclear power
plants.
Mining and purifying uranium
has not, historically, been a very clean
process.
Improperly functioning nuclear
power plants can create big problems.
Chernobyl scattered tons of radioactive
dust into the atmosphere.
Spent fuel from nuclear power plants is toxic for
centuries, and, as yet, there is no safe,
permanent storage facility for it
Transporting nuclear fuel to and from plants poses
some risk.
These problems have largely stopped the
creation of new nuclear power plants in the United States.
BIOMASS
The term "biomass" refers to any form of
plant or animal tissue.
In the energy industry, biomass refers to wood, straw, biological waste
products such as manure, and other natural materials that contain stored energy.
The energy stored in biomass can be released by
burning the material directly, or by feeding it to micro-organisms that use it to make biogas, a form of
natural gas.
the energy from 2 tons of garbage = 500 lbs of coal
HydropowerHydropower
Hydro means water. So, hydropower is
"water power."
Top hydroelectric plants
Hydroelectric power, a renewable resource, is
generated when hydraulic turbines are turned by the
force of moving water as it flows through a turbine.
The water typically flows from a higher to a lower elevation.
These turbines are connected to
electrical generators, which produce the
power.
Wave energy- water is sent through
channels which makes the waves stronger. The water then turns a turbine.
Solar Thermal Energy
The sun's heat can be used in two
ways
The sun can heat water for domestic hot water systems,
or the sun's light can be concentrated and water
temperatures increased to make steam and electricity.
These solar thermal power plants rely upon
curved mirrored troughs that concentrate
sunlight.
The sun heats a liquid that creates
steam to turn a traditional turbine.
solar panelsin space
WINDENERGY
WINDWINDENERGYENERGY
Wind is created because of different heating of
land and water areas by the sun creating
movement of air from one area to another.
Man has been using the wind to do work
for thousands of years.
The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed
into other forms of energy, either
mechanical energy or electrical energy.
Wind energy has been used for many years to pump water from wells
and grind grains to make flour.
Windmills can be connected to a shaft
which in turn is connected to a generator
to make electricity.
Tidal turbines are similar to wind
machines except itis the tide not the
wind which causesthe blades to turn.They are used in
Europe but are not economical in
the U.S.
NuclearEnergy
Nuclear power plants provide about 17
percent of the world's electricity.
Nuclear power is generated using
uranium, which is a metal mined in various
parts of the world.
Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-
burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the
heat instead.
The reactor uses uranium rods as fuel,
and the heat is generated by nuclear
fission.
Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium
atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy
in the form of heat.
This heat turns the water into
steam.
Then the steam drives turbines which drive
generators and produces electricity.
Modern nuclear power stations use the same type of turbines and
generators as conventional power
stations.
If the rods become uncovered by water, deadly radiation is
released into the air and contaminates the area
surrounding the plants for miles.
Nuclear wastecan be storedin caves or inabove groundcement and
metal canisters. The radiation will remain deadly for
thousands ofyears.
Mechanical energy can be transformed
into electrical energy or thermal energy.
Examples include wind turbines
(electrical energy) and refrigerators (thermal
energy).
Electrical energy can be transformed into
mechanical energy (using an elevator) or thermal energy (by
using a space heater).
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