energy from fossil fuels. 1. energy sources and uses
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History of energy sources
Muscle power
-humans
-domestic animals
-water and wind power
1700
Steam engine powered by
firewood
1800 - 1940
Coal is the dominant fuel
Late 1800
Internal combustion
engine
Oil well drilling
Refinement of crude oil into gasoline and
other liquid fuels
1951
Crude oil dominant energy
source
Global primary energy supply
Oil35%
Natural gas21,2%Hydro
2,2%
Com-bustible re-new-ables and
waste10,9%
Other0,5%
Coal23,3%
Types of energy sources1. Primary:
Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear power Water power Wood and other
2. Secondary Electric power
Fluctuation on demand
The base load represents the constant supply of power
As demand rises during the day, additional plants can be turned on and off
A deficiency in available power will prompt a brownout or blackout
Electric = clean energy?
Using electricity creates no pollution
Electricity must be generated from other sources: coal,
hydropower, nuclear energy or alternative energy resources
The thermal production of electricity has an efficiency of
only 30%
Energy loss occurs as electricity is transmitted and distributed to end users by connecting wires.
How are fossil fuels formed? Anaerobic
conditions
Accumulation of sediment
Exposure to pressure and heat
How are supplies estimated?Educated Guess Based on Geologic FormationKnowledge of where fossil fuels have been found in the past• Estimated reserves
Exploratory drilling• Further drilling is conducted to determine the extent and
depth of the oil field• Estimation of how much oil can be economically obtained
from the field
Proven reserves• Estimates range from P05 to P90 being P90 more reliable
Production• Withdrawal of oil or gas from the field
Production Primary recovery: 25%
Secondary and tertiary recovery: 50% to 60% Involves manipulating pressure in the oil reservoir
by injecting brine, steam or other substances.
Economics determine the extent to which reserves are exploited
An increase in the price makes more reserves available
Declining U.S. Reserves and Increasing Importation
1. M. King Hubbert Proposed that oil exploitation
would follow a bell-shaped curve Predicted that U.S. production
would peak between 1965 and 1970
2. The Oil Crisis of the 1970s Low prices on the Middle Eastern
countries = increasing dependence
OPEC formed a cartel and agreed to restrain production to get higher prices
OPEC embargo to countries that gave support to Israel
3. U.S. adjustment to higher prices
Increase domestic production of crude oil
Exploratory drilling Alaska pipeline Fiedls were reopened
Decrease consumption Standards for automobile fuel
efficiency Insulation in buildings and
appliances efficiency Development of alternative
energy sources was begun To protect against other OPEC
boycott Strategic oil reserve was
created
4. The recovery Consumption declined Production increased OPEC was unable to restrain
its own production.
5. Victims of success Exploration in the US Conservation efforts Tax incentives and other
subsidies The need for conservation and
development of alternative ways of transportation.
Problems of growing U.S. dependency on foreign oil
1. Costs of Purchase The price paid at the
pump is the same whether the oil is produced here or abroad.
2. Risk of Supply Disruptions The Middle East is politically
unstable Military cost of oil
3. Resource Limitations Diminished domestic
reserves
Ways to become independent
Increase fuel efficiency of transportation system
Use of other fossil fuel resources available
Develop alternatives to fossil fuels
Natural Gas Substantial reserves Most is used for space heating and cooking Increasingly employed to generate electrical power. Limitations:
Environmental cost of pipelines Can be explosive
Benefit: Produces virtually no hydrocarbons or sulfur oxides
(carbon dioxide and water) Alternative uses:
Gas-run cars Synthetic oil
Coal Large reserves (about 250 billion tons) 51% of electricity comes from coal fired power
plants. Obtained by surface mining or underground mining Limitations:
Mining can be hazardous Substantial environmental impacts
Fires CO2 emissions Strip mining destroys the ecology of the region
Alternative uses Clean coal technology program Synfuels: liquid or gas fuels from coal
Oil shales and oil sands
Oil shale Oil sand
A fine sedimentary rock containing a mixture of solid, wax-like hydrocarbons called kerogen.
Can be refined into gasoline and other petroleum products
Very little productivity makes it expensive
Extraction involves substantial environmental impacts
Sedimentary material containing bitumen, an extremely viscous tarlike hydrocarbon.
Can be refined Cost competitive
compared to today’s oils prices.
Extraction involves substantial environmental impacts
The Union of Concerned Scientists report:
Energy security: Solutions to protect America’s power supply and reduce oil dependence.
• Security threats
• Supply-side policies
• Demand-side policies
• Development of non-fossil-fuel energy resources.
Security threats
• Middle east
Oil dependence
• Nuclear power plants• Hydropower dams• Oil and gas pipelines• Refineries• Tankers• Electrical grid
Energy infrastructure:
• Melting of polar ice caps• Rise of sea level• Shifts in precipitation patterns• Extreme storms, droughts and heat waves• Ecosystem instability• Disruptions in agriculture
Global climate change
Energy supply-side policies
Oil and natural gas consumption are outpacing U.S. production
The National Energy Policy Report/ Cheney report (2001) recommends ways to meet the rising demands:
• Opening the ANWR and offshore locations to oil and gas exploration and production
• Adding new coal fired electric power plants• Providing tax incentives to encourage energy production from fossil
fuels and nuclear fuels• Establish new electrical transmission lines• Construction of natural gas pipeline to bring Alaskan natural gas• Support for the efforts of other countries to develop their oil and gas
resources and pipelines• Government regulation of federal agencies issuing regulations that
could affect energy supplies.
Energy demand-side policies
Conservation• CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy): raising the
CAFÉ from 27,5 mpg to 40 mpg by 2012 • CHPs (Combined Heat and Power / cogeneration)
Energy demand-side policies
Conservation• CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy): raising the
CAFÉ from 27,5 mpg to 40 mpg by 2012 • CHPs (Combined Heat and Power / cogeneration):
efficiency of 80%• Derregulation: requires the utilities to maintain
distribution services (transmission lines, telephone poles, etc), but to divest themselves of their power-generating facilities.
• Appliances: conservation measures such as energy standards for refrigerators and freezers
• Seeing the light: new building codes include improved insulation, double pane windows, use of fluorescent lights
• Internet: online shopping, working from home, less catalogs, less space
Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sourcesTwo major pathways in developing non-fossil-fuel energy alternatives:• Nuclear power• Promoting renewable energy applications
Sources: http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/phys136d/modul
es/m8/devices.htm http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/coo
ling-tower.html http://www.businessinsider.com/exxon-doublin
g-down-on-natural-gas-2010-3 http://www.metrolic.com/nuclear-energy-feare
d-coal-energy-ignored-167961/ http://apesnature.homestead.com/lectures.ht
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