english grammar for all ( mr. sherif gouda )
Post on 02-Aug-2016
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Structure Page Structure Page
Parts Of Speech
1 Noun Quantifiers ( Many /
Much ) 28
The Statement
2 Demonstrative Adjectives ( This / that )
28
Sentence & Phrase
3 Another / Other ..
Helping & Aux. Verbs
4 Definite & Indefinite Articles ( a
/ an / the ) 29-30
Personal Pronouns
5 Conjunctions
Relative Pronouns
6 If / Unless / 32
Yes- No questions
7 Expressing Regret 32
Wh- / How questions
8 Compound Sentences (
FAN BOYS )
33
Tag Question
9 Prepositions ( in / on / at . )
34
Imperative sentence
9 Prepositional verbs
+
34
Negative Sentence
10 Noun + Prep. + 34
Irregular Verbs
11 Adj. + Prep. +
34
Verb Forms
12-13 Modal Verbs
35-36
Tenses
14 Direct & Indirect Speech
37
The Present Simple 15 Prefixes & Suffixes
38
The Past Simple 16
The Future Simple
17
The Present Continuous /
Progressive 18
The Past Continuous /
Progressive
19
The Present Perfect
20 21
The Past Perfect
22
Active & Passive Voice
23
Causative 23
Adjectives 24
Adjectives & Adverbs
25
Singular & Plural Nouns
26
Uncountable Nouns
27
-
- : - : - :
- ( /..hW woH) - tcejbus -
- ) ( - brev -
tcejbo -
) ( -
elpmaxE noitinifeD hceepS fO traP
noitacude , koob ,demhA .... / / / nuoN / n /
esohw, hcihw, ohw ,ti ,ehs ,eh ,I nuonorP / np /
breV / v /
breV
evah , era , si , deyalp ,yalp
tneduts doog / yob kciuq evitcejdA /.jda/
brevdA / .vda /
/ llew yduts / ylkciuq nur
llat ylemertxe
/.perp/ noitisoperP
rof - yb - ot)
... tuoba -fo -morf - htiw -ni
. loohcs ot seog demhA
.enalp yb delevart yehT
/.jnoc/ noitcnujnoC
. dna / ro ()
. sdneirf ym era damhA dna ilA
noitcejretnI
( woW salA )
. deid ehS ! salA. !
elcitrA
)na ,a ( etinifedni ) eht (etinifeD
a
.
na
.
. eht
.koob a si sihT
.elppa na si sihT
. nus eht dnuor seog htrae ehT
1
hceeps fo straP
hsilgnE ni ecnetnes ehT
tnemetatS noitseuQ evitarepmI
-
) (
:- :-
:
: xE I )1yalp eH )2 . yadyreve sinnetsyalp ehS )3 . yad yreve sinnetdeyalp .yadretsey
) ( :
eH )1 : XEsi eH )2 . rotcod asah yllausu I )3 . rac aod . krowemoh ym
) (
I uoY / eH , ehS , tI
eW uoY / yehT
era / si/ ma erew / saw
did
seod / od
sah / evah dah
) ll ( lliW dluow sllah dluohs nac dluoc yam thgim
tsum ot dah ot dah
ot sah / ot evah
ot thguo
Im gnitae ) evitca ( . hsif cisuMsi deyalp evissap(.ilA yb )
+ gni (gniyalp /gnitae ) (deyalp / netae )
(yalp /tae ) I tndid yalp llabtoof yadretsey.
(deyalp /netae ) eHsah tsujdeyalp .sinnet
Illiw yalp .worromot sinnet
(yalp /tae )
I eH ehS tI uoY eW yehT
em mih reh ti uoy su meht
breV(
O V S C
tcejbuS(
tnemetats ehT -:
2
tcejbO (
-
:
Phrase Sentence
( + ) his smartness
+ )being( being smart
) The fact that he was smart . (The fact that +
He was smart .
( + )his stupidity
)+ ( not being not being smart
The fact that he wasnt smart.
He wasnt smart .
( + )The cold weather
+ )being +( The weather being cold.
The fact that the weather was cold.
The weather was cold.
( + )The hot weather
+ )being +( The weather being hot .
The fact that the weather wasnt cold.
The weather wasnt cold.
ing ) +( studying hard The fact that he studied hard.
My brother studied hard.
ing ) +not + ( not studying hard
The fact that he didnt study hard.
My brother didnt study hard.
( Complement
: Ex: He's a doctor.
: + with my friend
: Ex: He's tall.
:
:
Ex: He runs quickly.
:
Ex: He goes to the
club.
: Ex: He goes to the
club once a week.
:
Ex: He went to the
club yesterday.
: Ex : He went to the
club to play soccer.
:
mine /
his /
hers/
its/
ours /
theirs/
yours
:
myself /
himself /
herself /
itself /
ourselves /
themselves /
yourself /
yourselves
:
like / such as / despite- in spite of / due to because of as a result of / during /
in addition to Ex : There are many ways to become healthy like eating healthy food and doing sports.
) after , before , when , while .(
- After eating his breakfast , he went out .
:
( always usually- sometimes- often-rarely-scarcely-seldom- never-
ever- just- already )
Ex : I usually go to the park. / My brother never drives a car.
He has just gone out. / This is the tallest boy I have ever seen.
3
-
Verb to Do Verb to Have Verb to Be do / does have / has are am / is
did had were was
to Do Verb Verb to Have Verb to Be do / did have (ve ) /had (d ) am (m ) / was I
does / did has (s ) / had (d ) is (s ) / was He does / did has (s ) / had (d ) is (s ) / was She does / did has (s ) / had (d ) is (s ) / was It does / did has (s ) / had (d ) is (s ) / was
do / did have (ve ) /had (d ) are (re ) / were We do / did have (ve ) /had (d ) are (re ) / were You do / did have (ve ) /had (d ) are (re ) / were They do / did have (ve ) /had (d ) are (re ) / were
were not was not are not is not am not
re not s not m not
werent wasnt arent isnt not
do not does not do not had not has not have not
d not s not ve not
don't doesnt dont hadnt hasnt havent not
Verb to Be
are am / is
were was
Verb to Have
have / has
had
Verb to Do
do / does
did
ing +
V3
V3
Helping Verbs
4
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Subject
Pronouns
Object
Pronouns
Possessive
Adjectives
Possessive
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
I me my mine
myself /
He him his his himself /
She her her hers
herself /
It it its its /
( )
itself / / /
( )
We us our ours ourselves /
They them their theirs
themselves /
You you your yours yourself /
You you your yours
yourselves /
Usage
Examples
Subject Pronouns
) ( ( )
- Ali is a good boy . He always gets high marks. - Where do they go ? They go to the club.
Object Pronouns
( ) ( for - of ..)
a pen . me My friend gave - .herThe little boy made it for -
Possessive Adjectives
- I play football with my friends .
Possessive Pronouns
- These shoes are mine . - I met a friend of mine yesterday .
Reflexive Pronouns
. )
( .
- He fell down and hurt himself . - I do the homework myself . - Help yourself . - Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. -
- I live by myself. ( I live alone )
5
Pronouns
-
Relative Pn. Usage Example
Who ( ) The boy ,( who ) I met , was playing.
The boy , who studies hard , gets high marks.
Whom ( ) The boy , ( whom ) I met , was playing.
Which I drove the car which my father bought me.
That The boy ,( that ) I met , was playing.
I drove the car that my father bought me.
Whose ) ( This is the woman whose son died.
The dog , whose leg was broken , was small.
When The holiday is a nice time when we enjoy.
Where This is the school where we learn.
Why I dont know the reason why he was absent.
How He told me how to face challenges.
What all This is all what I have.
Whom Which .
Ex : The boy , with whom I played yesterday , made an accident.
This is the school in which I learnt.
) who , whom , which , that. (
Ex : The boy I met yesterday was playing. / I drove the car my father bought me.
.
:
Ex : The boy , who studies hard , gets high marks.
/ I ate the apple that was on the table.
Relative Pronouns
.
Ex : The boy was tall . He broke the glass. The boy , who broke the glass , was tall.
6
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. ( ) :
Yes, they are . No , they arent .
Are they playing ? They are playing . -
Yes, he is . / No , he isnt . Is he reading a book ? He is reading a book. - Yes , I am . / No, I am not . Are you eating fish ? I am eating fish . - Yes, I was . / No, I wasnt . Were you sleeping ? I was sleeping . - Yes ,we were . No, we werent .
Were you studying ? We were studying . -
Yes , I have . / No, I havent .
Have you got a car ? I have got a car . -
Yes, he has . / No, he hasnt .
Has he got a car ? has got a car . He -
Yes , we had . / No, we hadnt .
Had you got a car ? We had got a car . -
Yes , I will . / No , I wont .
Will you play football ? - I will play football . Yes , I can . / No , I cant .
Can you ride a bike ?
I can ride a bike . -
Yes , you should . / No , you shouldnt .
Should I play sports ? You should play sports . -
)do , does , did . (
- ) play ( ) do( ) They You We .( - s )plays ( ) does( ) It She He .( - ) played ( ) did ( .
Yes, I do. / No, I dont .
Do you play football ? I play football . -
Yes , he does . / No , he doesnt .
Does he play football ? - He plays football .
Yes, he did . / No, he didnt. Did he play football ? He played football . -
Yes, I did. / No, I didnt . Did you go to school ? I went to school. -
)do , does , did (:
Yes , he does . / No , he doesnt .
Does he have a car ? He has a car . -
Yes, I did. / No,I didnt . Did you have to study hard ? I had to study hard.- Yes, I did. / No,I didnt . Did you do your homework? I did my homework . -
: - Questions
) ( ( )
) ( ) (
"Yes / No" questions
) (
" Wh- / How " questions
7
-
: .
Ex : Can you tell me where the bank is , please ?
( )) = What + n. ( How + adj.
How old ? How much ? How far ? How old ? How long ? How tall ? How
What age ? What price ? What distance ? What age ? What length ? What height ? What
Examples
Who are you ? Im Ahmed . Who
When will you come ? Tomorrow . ) tomorrow ( When
Where do you go ? To the club . ) to school / at home... ( Where
Which car do you like ? The red car .
Which boy is taller :Ahmed or Ali? Ali.
) .. the red car ( Which
What did you buy ? A car . ) car / dog .. ( - What
Why didnt you come ? Because I was ill. )because to for ( Why
Whose book is this ?- Its Alis book . ) Alis / his ( Whose
How do you go to work ? By car . ) by car ( How
How old are you ? 10 years old . )10 years old ( How old
How many pens do you have ? -1 pen. )two / three . ( How many
How much is this dress ? 40 $ ) 2 Dollars ( How much
How far is your school ? 2 km far . )5 km far ( How far
How long is this bridge ? 13 m long .
How long will you stay ? - For 2 days
) 3 m long (
) for a day / since 1990 (
How long
How tall is your father ? 150 cm
) 150 cm (
) (
How tall
) ( questions )Wh../ How (
8
-
- .
- .
- ) do , does ( ) did . (
Tag Question Sentence Tag Question Sentence
dont they ? My friends play football , isnt it ? It is very cold ,
doesnt she ? She watches TV , wont they ? They will come ,
doesnt he ? He has to study , have they ? My friends havent studied ,
didnt he ? Ali broke his leg , cant he He can drive a car ,
( )shall we ? Lets play soccer , am I ? Im not fine today ,
) will you ? ( Let us go out , arent I ? Im a good student ,
)shall we ? ( Lets ) will you ? ( Let us ) will you ? ( Open the door ,
Arent they ? Every one is here , ( )will you ? Dont come late , ) they ) (every one /
every body . ( ) will you ?( .
:
Ex : He never helps the poor , does he ? / She ate little food , did she ?
) d better ) (hadnt ) (d rather ) (wouldnt (
Ex : Youd better study , hadnt you ? / Youd rather come early , wouldnt you ?
Negative Imperative Positive Imperative ) Dont + (
Don't open the door. Don't sit down . Never smoke cigarettes.
) ( Open the door . Sit down, please . Always play sports.
Scarcely - hardly rarely never neither nor none no one no body nothing
no where little few quite often
: Imperative
9
-
- + ) not ( +Ex : I havent eaten fish.
) not .(
1)Im not eating any fish now.
2) Hes not playing tennis now.
3) They were not sleeping.
4) She has not studied English yet.
5) I have not got a car.
6) I wont come tomorrow.
7) You shouldnt sleep early.
1)Im eating some fish now.
2) Hes playing tennis now.
3) They were sleeping.
4) She has just studied English.
5) I have got a car.
6) I will come tomorrow.
7) You should sleep early.
) do / does / did( )not ( .
)do ( ) I, We ,You ,They( ) does ( ) He, She , It , (
)did ( .
1) I dont drive my car every day.
2) He doesnt drive a car every day.
3) She didnt drive a car yesterday.
1) I drive my car every day.
2) He drives a car every day.
3) She drove a car yesterday.
) do / does / did( ) not( .
1) I dont have a car.
2) He doesnt have curly hair.
3) I didnt have any friends.
4) I dont have to study.
5) He doesnt have to get up early.
6) They didnt have to play well.
7) I dont do my homework.
8) He doesnt do his homework.
9) They didnt do all their best.
1) I have a car.
2) He has curly hair.
3) I had some friends.
4) I have to study.
5) He has to get up early.
6) They had to play well.
7) I do my homework.
8) He does his homework.
9) They did all their best.
) do / does / did () am / is / are / was /were(.
1) I am not a boy.
2) She wasnt ill.
1) I am a boy.
2) She was ill.
not ) had better / would rather( .
1) Youd better not play.
2) Id rather not have tea.
1) Youd better study.
2) Id rather have tea.
) never , nothing , nobody, no one , none , neither , nor (.
1) He never plays tennis.
2) There was nothing ( none ) on the table.
3) There was nobody ( no one / none ) in the park. 4) I dont like fish or meat. / I like neither fish nor meat.
5) Neither of my parents loves shopping.
6) None of the students ( like / likes ) English.
1) He usually plays tennis.
2) There was something on the table.
3) There was somebody in the park.
4) I like fish and meat.
5) Both of my parents love shopping.
6) All ( All of the ) students like English
- ) Neither ( ) none / no one / no body ( .
- ) neither ( ) loves ( ) none ) (likes ) (like (
) likes .(
- ) any ) (some ) (yet ) (just / already ) (or ) (and ) (neither ) (both ) ( none
/no body /no one ) ( all . (
Negative Sentence
10
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Present
Past
P.P.
Present
Past
P.P.
cost cut / hit / hurt / let / / put shut
lend send
spend / build burn / learn smell lose / shoot get / light /
sit keep sleep feel / leave meet dream mean /
bring buy fight / think /
catch / teach /
sell tell /
find have hear hold /
read say pay / make /
stand understand
cost cut hit hurt let put shut lent sent spent built burnt learnt smelt lost shot got lit sat kept slept felt left met dreamt meant brought bought fought thought caught taught sold told found had heard held read said paid made stood understood
cost cut hit hurt let put shut lent sent spent built burnt learnt smelt lost shot got lit sat kept slept felt left met dreamt meant brought bought fought thought caught taught sold told found had heard held read said paid made stood understood
break choose speak / steal wake
broke chose spoke stole woke
broken chosen spoken stolen woken drive
ride rise / write
drove rode rose wrote
driven ridden risen written
beat / / bite hide / eat fall / forget give see take blow / grow / Know / throw / fly draw show / begin drink swim ring / sing run
come become
go
beat bit hid ate fell forgot gave saw took blew grew knew threw flew drew showed began drank swam rang sang ran came became went
beaten bitten hidden eaten fallen forgotten given seen taken blown grown known thrown flown drawn shown begun drunk swum rung sung run come become gone
Helping Verbs
be
am / is
are
was
were
been
have
have / has had had
do do / does did done
Modal Verbs
will shall can may must
would should could might had to
shine /
shone shone
Irregular Verbs
11
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( Infinitive ( go / play )
Example (do , does , did , dont , doesnt , didnt ) .
- Did you go to school yesterday ? - My brother doesnt play tennis .
{will (ll ) - would (d ) / shall - should can - could / may - might -must - had to / have ( has ) to - had to - ought to
- I will visit you tomorrow . - You should study your lessons . - You ought to play sports .
I , We , You , They , .
- I usually get up early . - My friends play soccer every week
( to ) : ( want - need - would like - hope plan - try afford- fail- refuse arrange- tend- decide- forget- learn-promise - offer - manage )
+ to : ask - tell advise teach - persuade - expect -encourage help -remind )
my homework . od forgot to I - - Id like to have tea .
- My father told me to study . - Does he want to play football ?
: ( to ) make / let
had better / would rather
- The film made me cry . - My father let me go .
your lessons . study had betterYou - - Id rather have tea .
used to - When I was young , I used to sleep early .
to , in order to , so as to
- I go to school to learn .
to - The tea is too hot to drink . - He isnt old enough to drive a car .
the door , please . Open - with matches . playNever -
- If you go to the club , call me please . 2) ) (ing (V+ ing
Examples (be / am , is , are / was , were / been )
. - I am studying English now . - I have been waiting for two hours .
: ( in , on , at , of , for , about , by , with , without , through , during .. )
- Im fond of reading stories . - My sister is interested in cooking .
: ( After , Before, when, while, As soon as..)
TV , I went to bed . watching After - alone , I saw a snake . walking While -
: (go -enjoy -avoid-keep- complete - finish -stop-quit-give up-mind-suggest-imagine-fear-miss-practise-deny-involve- risk- fancy .)
- Did you enjoy watching the film ? at night . out going fearsMy brother -
- Healthy lifestyle involves playing sports.
+ ) ( Verb + object - I saw some boys playing football . - There is a man waiting for you .
( am , is , are ) ( was , were ) used to ( get , got )
- Hes used to reading stories . - I get used to sleeping early .
Look forward to you . seeingm looking forward to I - ( ) ( S ) - Playing sports makes you healthy .
2
-
) (( S ) ( V+ S ) ( goes / plays . )
Examples ) , ( He , She , It ,
up early . gets always My brother -
- Water boils at 100 degree .
) ( ing you healthy . makessports Playing -
4 ) ( went / played )(
Examples - .
( yesterday-last- ago- one day - once -
in the past )
- Yesterday , I studied English .
many animals . sawto the zoo and wentI -
- . ( ) - While I was running , I fell down.
- )
. (
- After I had studied , I went out .
- I had studied before I went out .
(5) ( gone / played )
Examples
( have , has , had )
( )
- Ive just done my homework .
- I havent studied English yet .
- I didnt go out till I had studied English .
( be / being / am , is , are / was , were /
been )
( passive voice )
- Our school was built in 1980 .
- The children are told to sleep early .
:
I cant stand
I cant help
Its no use / good
Its worth
How about / What about ?
Would you mind / Do you mind ?
-I cant stand waiting for him.
- I cant help laughing.
- Its no use smoking cigarettes.
- Its worth watching .
- How about playing soccer ?
- Would you mind opening the door ?
be , being , am , is , are , was , were , been ( V + ing ) playing / (V3) played
do , does , did , dont , doesnt , didnt ( inf. ) ( play / go )
will , would ( inf. ) ( play / go )
have , has , had ( V3 ) ( played / gone )
3
-
Tenses
Tense Affirmative Negative Question
Present Simple
- Inf. ( play / go )
-V+s ( plays / goes ) ( s + )
( dont / doesnt ) +
dont / doesnt ( play / go )
( do /does ) + + ?
Do you play? / Does he play?
always - usually- sometimes - occasionally- often-rarely-seldom-never - every ( day/week .. )
Past Simple
Regular ( played )
Irregular ( went )
didnt +
didnt ( play / go )
Did + + ?
Did you ( play / go ) yesterday?
yesterday - once - one day - ago - in the past - last ( day / week ..) - in 1990 - WW1
Future
Simple
( will / shall ) + (play )
I will play tomorrow.
(am-is-are)+going to + inf.
Im going to play tomorrow.
wont + ( play )
I wont play tomorrow.
(am-is-are) not + going to + inf.
Im not going to play
will + + ?
Will you play tomorrow ?
(Am-Is-Are)+ + going to +inf.?
Are you going to play tomorrow ?
tomorrow - next ( day / week ..) - soon - today - in the future - in (two weeks) - hope - wish
Present
Continuous
(am-is-are ) + v + ing ( playing)
Im playing now.
(am-is-are ) not + v+ ing
Im not playing now.
( Am-Is-Are) + +V + ing ?
Are you playing ?
now - at this moment - at the present time - these days - this week - Look !- Listen !
Past
Continuous
(was -were )+ v + ing (playing)
I was playing at 6 last day.
(was /were )+ not + v + ing
I wasnt playing at 6 last day.
(was / were ) + + V+ ing
Were you playing at 6 last day?
While ( As ) - When - All ( day - night ) ( / ) - at 6:00 yesterday
Present Perfect
( have / has ) + V3 (played )
I have just played tennis.
(have /has)+ not + V3 (played)
I havent played tennis yet.
( have / has ) + + V3 ?
Have you played yet ?
just - already - ever - never - for - since- yet - several times - so far - lately - recently
Present Perfect
Continuous
( have / has ) + been + V+ing
I have been playing for 2 hours.
(have /has)+ not + been+ V+ing
I havent been playing ..
(have /has) + + been+ V+ ing
Have you been playing .. ?
Past Perfect
had +( V3 ) ( played / gone )
I had played tennis .
hadnt + (V3) (played/ gone )
I hadnt played tennis .
had + + ( V3 ) ( played ) ?
Had you played tennis ?
( After - As soon as ) / ( Till - Until ) / ( Before - By the time )
. ( ) . ( Verb to Do )
Examples
He plays football . He played football .
He doesnt play football . He didnt play football .
Does he play football ? Did he play football ?
14
-
Question
Negative
Affirmative
Do play live Does go
Yes, .. ( do / does ) No, .( dont / doesnt )
dont
play live doesnt go
live lives go goes Watch watches try tries study studies play plays
I we
you + inf. they
he she + inf.
it
I We You + inf. They
He She It + inf
I We You They
He She It
Do you go to school ? Yes, I do. / No, I dont .
Ali play football ? Does
Yes, he does . / No, he doesnt .
What do they ride ? They ride bikes .
What does your sister read ? She reads stories .
I dont go to school .
Ali doesnt play football.
They dont ride bikes . My sister doesnt read stories.
I usually go to school.
Ali plays football.
They ride bikes .
My sister reads stories .
: never - seldom / scarcely / rarely - often - sometimes - usually - Always
) ( Every / Each ( day week- month- year) Once day Twice a week Three times month year
: ( - I usually go to the park . ( . The sun rises in the east
( My father works in an office. :
Ex : When I travel to Paris , I will see Eiffel Tower.
S + dont
doesnt
Do
Does
inf
..
dont
doesnt
Do
Does
s +
15
-
Question
Negative
Affirmative
Yes , ( did ) No , . ( didnt )
watched didnt watch lived didnt live
studied didnt study played didnt play
went didnt go saw didnt see
watch watched live lived
study studied play played go went see saw
am / is was are were do / does did have / has had sell sold tell told drink drank swim swam ring rang sing sang run ran come came become became drive drove ride rode write wrote take took give gave get got forget forgot fall fell speak spoke choose chose break broke fly flew grow grew blow blew draw drew smell smelt feel felt sleep slept eat ate make made
Did you go to school ? Yes, I did . / No, I didnt .
Did Ali play football ? Yes, he did . / No, he didnt .
? ridethey iddWhat
They rode bikes .
When did your father travel ? He traveled last year.
I didnt go to school. Ali didnt play football .
They didnt ride bikes .
My father didnt travel last year.
I went to school yesterday.
Ali played football .
They rode bikes last week.
. last year traveledMy father
: ) - - - ( last ( day - week - month - year ) - yesterday
Once - In the past - ) ( ...... ( two days - two weeks ..) ago
In 1990 - Once upon a time - One day
: Ex : I watched a good film on TV. last night . My friend bought a new car last week . My sister swam in the sea three weeks ago . I saw many monkeys when I went to the zoo .
I didnt come because I was ill .
didnt Did inf
.
16
-
Question
Negative
Affirmative
Yes, . will / shall No , . wont / shant
)shall ( ) I , we ) (will . (
? tomorrow comeyou Will
Yes , I will . / No , I wont .
When will you travel ? Ill travel next week .
I wont come tomorrow .
I wont travel next week .
I will come tomorrow .
I will travel next week .
+ + + S + going to
+ + going to
+ + going to
Are you going to watch TV ? Yes , I am . / No , Im not .
Is your friend going to study ?
Yes , he is . / No , he isnt .
Im not going to watch TV today.
My friend isnt going to study .
Im going to watch TV today .
My friend is going to study .
:
) - ( next ( day week month year ) - tomorrow In 2050 - In the future - / hope / wish - soon
) ( will +inf. Ex: He will travel next week . : Ex : I think Ali will come soon. Ex: Im hungry. I will have a sandwich. : ) .be + going to + inf ( ) will (. s going to rainare dark clouds . It There Ex: )be+ going to + inf. ( )will +inf. ( : Ex : Im going to study English today.
I will study English today. :
Ex : After I finish university , I will have a job. /When I go to Paris , Im going to buy a new car. :
)will turn ( Ex : If we boil water , it turns into steam
)ing + + am / is / are ( ) .( Ex : My father has got a ticket . He is traveling next week .
will ( ll )
shall
wont
shant
Will
Shall
am
is
are
am not
isnt
arent
Am
Is
Are
17
-
Question Negative Affirmative
Yes , ( am / is / are ) . No , ( am not / isnt / arent ).
am (m ) ( s ) is ( re ) are
I
He
She It
We You
They
I
He She It
We You They
I
He She It
We You They
fish ? eatingu yo Are
. not m I. / No, amYes, I
Ali playing football ? Is . snti he , . / No si Yes, he
Are they singing ? Yes , they are . / No, they arent .
? w no doing you are What
I'm studying now .
I am not eating fish .
Ali isnt playing football .
arent singing . They
I'm not studying now .
Im eating fish now.
Look ! Ali is playing football .
. singing 'reTheyListen !
. now studying 'm I
: today - Listen ! - Look ! - at the moment - now
at the present time - ) ( ...... This ( day week ) Be careful ! - Watch out ! - Be quiet !
( ) : Ex : 1) My father is reading a newspaper at the moment . 2) Look ! My friend is climbing a tree . 3) We are having exams this week .
: Ex : Air pollution is increasing very fast .
) ing : ( - feel - think / believe - have - hear - see - like / love
- taste smell - / appear seem - hope / wish - prefer - understand own - cost - know - need - want - sound
): ( Ex : I hear a loud sound now .
: ) ( The cook is tasting the food now. / ( )Ex : The food tastes delicious.
am
is
are
ing +
+ing
am
am not
isnt
arent
ing + Am
Is
Are
is
are
isnt
arent
am not
Am
Is
Are
+ing
18
-
Question Negative Affirmative
Yes , was / were No, .. wasnt / werent
I
He
She It
We You
They
I
He She It
We You They
I
He She It
We You They
Were you eating fish ? Yes, I was . / No, I wasnt .
Ali playing football ? Was
Yes, he was . / No ,he wasnt .
? singingthey Were Yes , they were . / No, they werent .
I wasnt eating fish at 6:00 yesterday .
.Ali wasnt playing football
They werent singing .
I was eating fish at 6:00 yesterday .
Ali was playing football .
They were singing .
: When - While / As - all day yesterday - at 6:00 yesterday
:
. last night at 12:00 was sleeping My father It was raining all night yesterday . While I was walking , I met my friend . When I saw Ali , he was playing football .
When - While / As While / As
My father came while I was studying . / While I was studying , my father came .
When my bike . was ridingdown , I fell I Whendown . / fell I when my bike was riding I
I fell down when I was riding my bike . :
)While / As ( )When ( . .
. were playing , my sisters was studying I While Ex :
was
were
+ing
was
wasnt
werent
ing + Was
Were
were werent
wasnt Was
ing +
was wasnt Was
Were
+ing
19
-
Question
Negative
Affirmative
Have played lived Has gone
Yes, (have / has ) No, ( havent / hasnt )
havent / hasnt played havent / hasnt lived havent / hasnt gone
have (ve ) has (s )
have / has played have / has lived have / has gone
I we
you + P.P they
he she + P.P
it
I We You + + P.P They
He She + P.P It
I We You They
He She It
Have you already studied ? Yes , I have . / No, I havent .
out ? gone your father Has
. hasnt . / No, he has Yes , he
I havent studied yet .
My father hasnt gone out yet .
I have already studied .
My father has just gone out .
Have gone / Have been
Have gone ( went but didnt return ) Ex : My father has gone to Paris . ( He is still in Paris )
Have been ( went and returned ) Ex : My father has been to Paris . ( He isnt in Paris now )
: - yet - never - ever - since for - already - just
several / many times - lately / recently - so far / up till now
. I have lived in Cairo for six years . Ex : I have not visited him since 1995 . She has written three letters just now .
He has made a great progress in the project . I have washed my car . ( It looks lovely now ) He is very hungry . He hasnt eaten anything since morning .
have
has
havent hasnt P. P
have
has
havent
hasnt
Have
Has
Have
Has
20
-
Time Words
Example Usage Word He has just / already gone out .
Have you already studied your lessons ?
) have/ has ( already )
. (
Just
already
-This is the best meal Ive ever eaten.
to Paris ? been ever you Have - No, I have never been to Paris . Yes , I went there last year .
.
ever ( )
.
never ) ever ( not ( n't ) ) never . (
ever
never
Have you finished yet ? No , I havent finished yet .
yet .
yet
For an hour ( one hour ) / two hours .. For a day ( one day ) / two days For five years . For a day ( one day ) . For a ( day / week / month / year ) For ten years For 100 years
For a long time For ages
For a while / a moment For a minute
Since 6 : 00 Since Monday Since 2003 Since yesterday Since last ( day / week / month / year ) Since last decade Since last century Since my birthday
Since World war Since morning Since he came
)For (( ) :
Ex : I have known him for a long time . )Since ( :
Ex : I have known him since 1995 .
) Since ( Ex : I have Known him since we were children .
I haven't seen him since he traveled . ) Since (
Since he traveled , I haven't seen him . )Since . (
) Since (
Ex : He has missed a lot of things since he has traveled abroad . ( He is still abroad )
)Since , For ( )How long ( Ex : How long have you visited Paris ?
I have visited Paris for several times . I have visited Paris since 1998 .
Since For
Since
21
-
Question
Negative
Affirmative
played + + lived gone
Yes, (had ) / No, .. ( hadnt )
hadnt played hadnt lived hadnt gone
had (d ) had played had lived had gone
Had you done your homework ?
Yes , I had . / No, I hadnt .
I hadnt done my homework .
I had done my homework .
: / hardly/ scarcely - No sooner - till / until - as as soon - after
when - before / by the time :
Ex : He was hungry because he hadnt eaten his breakfast . He hadnt eaten his breakfast so he was hungry.
I found the key which I had lost . I had hardly / scarcely done my homework when I went to the club .
Hardly / Scarcely had I done my homework when I went to the club . I had no sooner done my homework than I went to the club .
No sooner had I done my homework than I went to the club .
)( said/ told :
Ex : He told me that he had done his homework.
)had + P.P ( : Hardly/ Scarcely - No sooner - Till / Until- as As soon- After
After my father had got money , he bought a new car . My father bought a new car after he had got money .
After
After
)Till / Until ( + ) didnt ) (had + P .P . ( My father didnt buy a new car till / until he had got money .
:
Before / By the time Ex : Before my father bought a new car , he had got money . My father had got money before he bought a new car.
Before
Before )When ( :
When I had finished my homework , I went to the club . When I went to the club , I had finished my homework .
: Ex: I waited till the train came. / After I studied , I went out .
had hadnt
P. P
Had
Had
22
-
) Active ( ) Passive ( :
) . . (
. ( Verb to be .)
. .
( by ) .
. .
: Verb to be
am, is, are Present Simple
was, were Past Simple
shall be, will be Future Simple
am being, is being, are being Present Continuous
was being, were being Past Continuous
has been, have been Present Perfect
had been Past Perfect
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be Modal Verbs
Examples
Active Passive
Ali writes letters everyweek . Letters are written ( by Ali ) everyweek.
She wrote a letter yesterday. A letter was written ( by her ) yesterday.
Saif will buy a car next year . A car will be bought ( by Saif ) next year.
Khaled is helping Ahmed now. Ahmed is being helped ( by Ali ) now.
She has already eaten the apple. The apple has already been eaten.
You should study your lessons . Your lessons should be studied .
My sister makes me cake. I have cake made. My sister will make
me cake.
Ill have cake made.
My sister made me cake. I had cake made. My sister has just
made me cake.
Ive just had cake
made.
My sisters making me
cake.
Im having cake
made.
My sister had made
me cake.
I had had cake made.
My sister was making me
cake.
I was having cake
made.
My sisters going to
make me cake.
Im going to have cake
made.
Active & Passive
V3 + ) + have (+ ) (
23
be + V3
:
be , being , been
:
am / is / are
:
was / were
-
Superlative Comparative Positive
The oldest Older than Old
The nicest Nicer than Nice
The biggest Bigger than Big
The happiest Happier than Happy
* : ( er . (than .
Ex : The elephant is bigger than the lion . * : (the .
(est . Ex : The blue whale is the biggest animal .
The most exciting More exciting than Exciting
The most beautiful More beautiful than Beautiful The most expensive More expensive than Expensive
* : ( ( more / less ) . (than .
Ex : Football is more exciting than handball .
* : (( the most / the least ) . Ex : Football is the most exciting sport .
Superlative Comparative Positive
The worst Worse than / Bad / ill The best Better than / Good / well
The most More than / Much Many
The least Less than Little
( ) The farthest ( ) The furthest
) ( farther than ( ) further than
Far
(1 ) old / exciting ( : - )as.. as ( )not as / so .. as (:
EX : Ali is as tall as Ahmed . / Ali isnt so short as Omar . - ) so . that / such . that / too .. to ( :
he gets high marks. boy that cleversuch a / Hes . that he gets high marks cleverso Ex: Hes The tea is too hot to drink .
- enough : Ex : The tea isnt hot enough to drink .
) (much / little ) (much taller / much more exciting ( Ex : My friend is much older than me .
Adjectives
24
-
Order Of Adjectives
Purpose
Material
Nationality
(origin ) Color
Shape
Age
Size
Opinion
sleeping
roasting
wooden,
, metal
cotton,
paper
French ,
American,
eastern,
Greek
blue,
pink,
reddish,
grey
square,
round,
oval ,
flat
ancient,
new,
young,
old
tiny,
small,
, huge
little
silly,
beautiful,
horrible,
difficult
:
( very , so , extremely , too / fairly, quite, pretty, rather, a bit and a little ).
3 ( The )The . er / more . ( Ex : The more you study , the more marks you will get .
The more you do sports , the happier you will be . 4 (.
Ex : It is the highest mountain I have ever seen . It is the best meal I have ever eaten .
) (ly ) (more / most ( Ex : Ali runs more quickly than Ahmed .
) runs ) (am / is / are ( ) ...... feel / look / seem . (
Ex : Ali is quicker than Ahmed . Ali seems quicker than Ahmed .
well good quickly quick
early early carefully careful late late simply simple
hard hard happily happy fast fast dramatically dramatic
Adjective Adverb
: Ex : He is a rich man .
: (1 ) / am / is / are / was / were ( be
Ex : My friend was happy yesterday . (: )seem / look / appear / smell / taste / sound / feel (
Ex : The food tastes delicious . (3 ) become / get : (
Ex : My friend got ill yesterday. (4 ) make : (
Ex : The film made me happy . ) (find ( :
Ex : I found the film interesting .
: (1 He can run very quickly . (
He is very happy today . ( Really , it is a nice city .
) quickly ( ) very ) (Really (
:
) Be ... Look / seem .. become / get (.
) ly (
Adverbs
25
-
bureau formula curriculum criterion Oasis
cactus
Singular
bureaus /
bureaux
formulae /
formulas
curricula criteria Oases
cacti Plural
( ) deer , fish , sheep
uncountable
countable plural
singular water boys / men a boy / a man
) s, sh, ch, z, x ( )es (
Box Dish Bus Match Singular Boxes Dishes Buses Matches Plural
s
a horse Singular horses Plural
) y (
) ( y )s (.
Plural Singular boys boy
) y ( )y (
) ies . (
Plural Singular cities city
Singular Plural
radio radios
zoo zoos
)o ( ) s (
.
Singular Plural
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
) o ( )es (.
Singular Classroom policeman
Plural classrooms policemen
) f ) ( fe) (f ) ( fe (
) v) ( es ( .
Singular Shelf Knife thief
Plural Shelves Knives thieves
: cliff cliffs
Nouns
Spelling Rules for plurals
26
-
:
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person / people ( persons)
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
Ox Oxen
mouse mice
louse lice
) ( s )es ( )a , an ( .
flour food oil rain
salt fish blood steel
butter chicken music grass
sugar water hair wood
rice tea knowledge sand
bread coffee information gold
cheese juice furniture glass
meat milk snow - ice paper
.
Ex : Water is important for our growth.
Milk has proteins.
.
Two cups of tea are not enough for me. Ex:
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.
Uncountable Nouns
27
-
Uncountable ( water , tea , coffee ..)
plural singular
two / three / Both A / an ( one )
The The The
most / All most / All Every / Each Each boy plays soccer. Each plays soccer. Every boy plays soccer.
each
every .
A lot of ( lots of ) / Plenty of
A lot of ( lots of ) / Plenty of
/ any some
/ any some
enough enough
much / more / a great deal of a quantity of / a mount of / a bit of
many / more / several / a number of
A little / little / less A few / few / fewer
Demonstrative adjectives
One another each other ) We love each other (
( ) ) any ( )some (
Do you have any books ? I dont have any books. I have some books .
) any . (
Would you like some juice ? I wouldnt like any juice . Id like some juice . Can I have some milk ?
I dont want any milk . I want some milk .
) some . (
) many / much ( ) many / much ( )a lot of (
Do you have many books ? I dont have many books. I have a lot of books .
Would you like much juice ? I wouldnt like much juice .
Id like a lot of juice . ) many / much ) (too (too many / too much
Examples
This is my book. / These are my shoes. These This
That bird in the sky is flying fast. Those That
Examples I want another cup. /
Other people disagree. Other Other boys / others
another
Wheres the other boy ?
Where are the other boys ? The other The other boys /
The others
The other ( boy )
( ) Noun Quantifiers
) some / any
) ( many / much / a lot of
/ Another / Other
28
-
)a / an (. )The ( .
a . a book a pen a tree a car a man - a girl
an a , e , i , o , u ) ( an apple an egg an ice cream an orange
. a table - an egg
. He is an engineer. She is an English women.
He washes his hands four times a day.
) a / an . (
) h / E ( an hour / a European city
u a an )an umbrella (
u y a )a university (
. The Kaaba / The sun / The earth / The universe / The world / The sky .
.
The Arabian Gulf / The River Nile / The Red Sea /
The Pacific Ocean / The Alps / The Sahara
desert
The north / the south / The east / The west
The top / The bottom / The left / The right / The centre / The middle / The corner
I saw a man. The man was young .
The president / The manager / The door / The
roof / The police / The army / The country
The airport / The museum / The club .
. The piano / The drum / The oud / The guitar
) Who ( I know the boy who took your bike .
) Of ( The name of / The winner of/ The capital of
( ) The tallest / The most exciting
The first / The second / The third / The fourth .
The radio / The internet / The end / The same
Definite & Indefinite Articles
) The (
) a /an (
29
-
( ) home / bed / hospital / school / college /
university / prison /.
)The : (
) ( My father came to the school yesterday . / ( ) Ex : I go to school
( ) Breakfast / lunch / dinner
)The : (
The lunch in this restaurant will be very delicious .
France / Egypt / Cairo / Dubai / South America
) The ( :
The U.A.E. / The K.S.A. / The U.S.A. / The U.K. ( The united kingdom )
Times Square / Hope Street / Dubai Road
English / Math / IT / Arabic / History .
tomorrow / yesterday / last ( day )/ next (
day )
Football / tennis ..
Monday / April / May
) ( music / water / work / life / weather / fish
.. ( ) )The : (
) ( The weather is cold today . / )( Ex : I dont like cold weather.
) The (
30
-
Examples
Because / As / Since / For
Because of / Due to /
As a result of On account of
/
He didnt come because he was ill . He didnt come because of his illness /
being ill. I didnt go out due to the cold weather.
Although Though Even though
Despite / In spite of
Although he is poor, he is happy. He is happy though he is poor .
Despite being poor , he is happy . In spite of his poverty , he is happy.
Nevertheless However But
He is poor. Nevertheless, he is happy. He is poor. However, he is happy. He is poor but he is happy .
So ( ) Thus / Therefore / As a result /
consequently ( )
He was ill so he didnt go to school . He didnt study . As a result , he failed
the exam .
So / that Such a / an + that enough to + enough for + + ing
The exam was so difficult that I couldnt answer it .
It was such a difficult exam that I couldnt answer it .
Examples
in order that So that
To / in order to So as to
I study hard so that I can get high marks
I study hard so as to get high marks . I study hard in order not to fail the exam .
In order not to So as not to
For + ing
I study hard for good marks . I study hard for getting good marks.
Examples
as, as if, as though
He speaks as if he were a king. It looks as if it would rain.
. ( was ) ( were )
( . will ) ( would )
Conjunctions
31
-
If ( Conditional sentences ) ( ) /
( )
inf. / V + s dont /
doesnt + inf.
inf. / V + s dont / doesnt + inf.
Ex : If I eat fish , I get ill . If we heat water , it boils .
.
inf. / V + s dont / doesnt + inf.
will (ll ) / wont can / cant shall / shant inf. ( ) may / may not must / mustnt
Ex : If it rains , I wont go out . If I have money , I will buy a new car .
. ( ) ( Ex : If you meet Ahmed , tell him about the party .
(: ( should , have to / has to , ought to , must ) Ex : If you are ill , you should go to the doctor .
.
ed / didnt + inf.
would (d ) / wouldnt could / couldnt inf. ( ) might / might not
Ex : If I were a bird , I would fly . If I had money , I would buy a new car .
.
had + p.p hadnt + p.p
would (d ) / wouldnt could / couldnt have + p.p might / might not
Ex : If I had studied hard , I would have succeeded . If I had had money , I would have bought a car .
( not ) If
Ex :Unless you study , you wont pass the exam . ( If you dont study , you wont pass the exam).
Present Past
I wish I were a bird. / If only I were a bird. If only I knew how to drive a car. I wish you wouldnt arrive late all the time.
I wish I had studied my lessons.
If only I had woken up early.
32
Expressing Regret / far wish
-
Connectors Examples
For He loves Science for he wants to be a scientist.
And She went shopping and she bought vegetables.
Nor They havent relaxed nor have they studied.
But He studied hard but he failed the exam.
Or You can join a university or you can have a job.
Yet He got up late yet he slept early.
So He studied hard so he got high marks.
Paired Connectors Examples
Both .. and
(play )
- Both Reem and her sisters play tennis.
- Both Ali and Saif play soccer.
Not only but also / as well
.......
-Not only Reem but also her sisters play tennis.
-Not only has she succeeded but also / as well she has got
high marks.
not only -
And also ( + )
, so ( + )
- Reem plays tennis and also do her sisters.
- Reem plays tennis , so do her sisters.
And ( + ) too - Reem plays tennis and her sisters do too.
Neither . nor .....
( nor )
- Neither Reem nor her sisters play tennis.
- Neither Reem nor her sister plays tennis.
and neither ( + )
neither ( + )
( neither ) ( nor )
-Reem doesnt play tennis and neither do her sisters.
- Reem doesnt play tennis , neither do her sisters.
And ( + + not ) either -Reem doesnt play tennis and her sisters dont either.
Either .. or ......
( or )
Either Moza or her sister feeds the cat.
Or / Otherwise Hurry up, otherwise / or you will miss the bus.
None ( not one / no one / nothing ) - None of the students want / wants to take exams. - I wanted some coffee, but there was none left.
Ex: Neither of my parents lives with me. ( none ) ( Neither )
none ( want ) ( wants ) (wants )
Compound Sentences
33
-
Prepositions of Time
in a period of time ( .... / / )
in 2003 / in July / in the winter summer spring-fall (autumn) / in the morning afternoon - evening / in the middle of the day / in three hours / in a few weeks
on For days and dates: on my birthday / on July 4th / on Saturday / on Tuesday afternoon / on holiday / on weekend
at A point in time: (.... / ) at 4 o'clock / at 10:45 / at breakfast- lunch - dinner
: at the moment / at the same time / at night / at noon / at the weekends Prepositions of place
in : in a room / in D
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