english teaching book 2012
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TRANSCRIPT
ENGLISH TEACHING BOOK
Compiled by:
NINUK SHOLIKHAH AKHIROH, S.S., M.Hum
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY
2012
2
UNIT I
DESCRIPTION
A. Basic Competence:
Understanding a descriptive text, including the social function, text structure and some
linguistic features of it. Understanding ―Noun Phrase‖, the pattern and the use.
Pre-activity
1. What do you think about endangered/threatened animal?
2. Mention any kind of animal assumed to be in the edge of extinction!
3. What is conservation?
4. What is national park?
5. What do you know about Komodo National Park?
B. Description: Summary
C. Reading Passage 1
Komodo National Park
Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago, between the
islands of Sumbawa and Flores. Established in 1980, initially the main purpose of the Park
was to conserve the unique Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) and its habitat. However,
over the years, the goals for the Park have expanded to protecting its entire biodiversity, both
terrestrial and marine. In 1986, the Park was declared a World Heritage Site and a Man and
Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, both indications of the Park's biological importance.
Komodo National Park includes three major islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar, as well as
numerous smaller islands creating a total surface area (marine and land) of 1817km
(proposed extensions would bring the total surface area up to 2,321km2). As well as being
home to the Komodo dragon, the Park provides refuge for many other notable terrestrial
a. Social function: to describe specific object ( it can be a person or thing)
b. Generic structure:
- Identification (inform the reader what is going to be described)
- Description (give detail information about characteristics of the object, such as
habit, physical traits,size, habitat, etc.)
c. Linguistic feature: - Using simple present
- Frequent use of Noun Phrase
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species such as the orange-footed scrub fowl, an endemic rat, and the Timor deer. Moreover,
the Park includes one of the richest marine environments including coral reefs, mangroves,
seagrass beds, seamounts, and semi-enclosed bays. These habitats harbor more than 1,000
species of fish, some 260 species of reef-building coral, and 70 species of sponges. Dugong,
sharks, manta rays, at least 14 species of whales, dolphins, and sea turtles also make Komodo
National Park their home.
Exercise 1. Answer the question based on the text!
1. Where is Komodo National Park situated?
2. Is Komodo National Park a biological importance? Elaborate your reason!
3. What is the purpose of building Komodo National Park?
4. What is the benefit of Komodo National Park?
5. Mention any plants and animal living in Komodo National Park!
Exercise 2. State whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE!
1. Komodo National Park was established by the Unesco.
2. Formerly, Komodo National Park is dedicated to conserve the unique Komodo dragon
(Varanus komodoensis).
3. There are three islands in Komodo National Park
4. Komodo is not the only animal breeded in Komodo National Park
5. Komodo National Park is one of wonders of the world
Exercise 3. Make a descriptive text on your own! It should be at least two paragraphs.
D. Grammar Focus
NOUN PHRASE
Noun Phrase is also commonly called Noun Group or Nominal Group. It is a group of words
with noun as the focal point. The pattern of Noun Phrase is:
PREMODIFIER HEAD (THING) POSTMODIFIER
PREMODIFIER
Pre-modifier is modifier coming before the thing. Pre-modifier can be in the form of:
1. Determiners
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Examples of determiners are:
- Articles: a, an, the
- Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
- Possessives: my, your, his, Marry‘s, the girl‘s, etc.
- Quantifiers: all, another, any, both, each, either, enough, every, some, little,
many, etc.
- Cardinals: one, two, ...
- Ordinals: first, second, ...
2. Describers
Descrbers are adjectives that serve the functions of describing more precisely. When
there are more than one adjective in a Noun Phrase, the adjectives must be arranged
successively on the following order:
- Quality: good, kind, beautiful, smart, fair, etc
- Size: big, large, wide, small, tiny, etc.
- Shape: round, circular, square, triangle, etc.
- Colour: red, yellow, grey, white, etc.
- Origin: javanese, balinese, american, british, etc.
- Material: wooden, gold, plastic, leather, etc.
3. Classifier
Classifiers function to categorize a participant by allocating it to a particular class or
subclass. Another term for it referring similar meaning is ―Qualifier‖. Classifier or
qualifier must be placed right before the thing. Classifers can be distinguished from
describers in that it is not possible to insert the word ―very‖ before classifiers.
Example: the tennis match the long match
Classifier Describer
There is ―very long match‖, there is no ―very tennis match‖
4. Head/ Thing
Head/ thing can be nouns or pronoun. They are classes of words which may represent
a single participant, a group or class of participants, or a number of participants.
- Single Participant: He works in a petrol company
- Class of Participant: People need money
- A number of Participants: We don‘t like that design
POSTMODIFIER
Postmodifiier is modifier coming after the thing. It comes in the form of Embedded phrase or
Embedded clause.
- Embedded Phrase: The woman with thick glasses
- Embedded Clause: The woman who wears thick glasses
The pattern of Noun Phrase can be summarized in such a way:
NOUN PHRASE
Those three beautiful Girls with high heels who won the
contest last week
determiner describer classifier thing embedded phrase embedded clause
Translate these Indonesian phrases into English!
5
1. Sebuah peternakan domba yang luas dengan tembok yang tinggi
2. Beberapa pelajaran penting yang berguna bagi kita
3. Banyak anak-anak kecil malang yang menjadi pengemis
4. Mobil sport baru milik Rafi yang mewah, berwarna kuning, dengan dua pintu.
5. Tes yang lama dan sulit bagi mahasiswa semester 2
E. Reading Passage 2
In April 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte negotiated the sale of the Louisiana Territory with
the envoys of President Thomas Jefferson. For the fifteen million dollars needed to continue
his war in Europe, Napoleon turned the entire Louisiana Territory over to the United States.
Neither the French nor the Americans were aware o the vast amount of land the sale
involved. It was later discovered to include over eight hundred thousand square miles.
Only a short time before the agreement was reached, Napoleon had acquired
Louisiana from Spain with the intention of making Louisiana the center of a great French-
American ehe was interested empire. However, when President Jefferson sent word that he
was interested in buying New Orleans, Napoleon gave up this dream. The envoys were
offered all of Louisiana or nothing, and they gladly took it all. At one stroke of the pen and
without even a threat of war, the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States,
pushed back the frontier, and secured the Mississippi Riveras a highway for Western trade. It
was by far the best bargain iin American diplomatic history.
Exercise 6. Choose the correct answer based on the information from the text!
1. With whom did Napoleon negotiate the sale of Louisiana?
A. President Jefferson personally
B. The Spanish
C. The American delegation
D. Citizens of New Orleans
2. Why did napoleon sell Louisiana?
A. it was too far from France\
B. He was in need of money
C. it was too large to govern
D. He was unable to defend it
3. The most unusual feature of the sale was that ...
A. it was negotiated in a very short period of time
B. it involved a very valuable piece of land
C. no one really wanted most of the land
D. neither country knew how much land was involved
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4. What did President Jefferson originally wish to buy from Napoleon?
A. New Orleans
B. present-day Louisiana
C. the Mississippi Valley
D. the entire Louisiana Territory
5. By selling the Louisisana Territory, Napoleon decided to ...
A. avoid the threat of war
B. forget one of hs dream
C. allow Spain to compete with the United States
D. move the center of the French Empire.
7
UNIT II
What is a Veterinarian
A veterinarian is a person who has studied to be a doctor of animals. They take care of
animals‘ health. Many pet owners use a veterinarian to help them take care of their pets.
Some veterinarians take care of cats and other small animals. Other veterinarians take care of
larger animals such as horses, cows, or large zoo animals.
If you have a pet at home, your pet has probably seen a veterinarian. Veterinarians can help
you decide what kinds of food your animals should eat, what shots your pet will need, and
how you should take care of your animals. It is important to take your pet to see a
veterinarian to make sure it stays healthy. (Source: Let’s Talk IX: 194)
Exercise 1. Answer the questions based on the information from the text!
1. What does the text tell about?
2. What is a veterinarian
3. What assistance can a Vet. do to help taking care animal?
4. Find the synonym of these words from the text!
- pay attention - holder - perhaps - make a decision - vigorous
5. Translate the text into Indonesian
A. Grammar Focus
SIMPLE PRESENT
1. Simple Present is used to state:
a. Habit/ activities which is frequently done
Example: He works as a teller in a private bank
b. General truth
Example: The earth is round
Simple Present is also used as a sub clause to modify main clauses coming in ―present‖
tenses. For example: I will tell him the news, as soon as he comes.
2. The pattern for Simple Present is:
Verbal Sentence Nominal Sentence
(+) S + V1/ V1 + s/es
- V1 is used for the subject: I, you, we, they, plural
noun/pronoun
S + is, am, are
Be is followed by noun or adjective
Example: Marina is a kind girl
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Example: They clean the yard every week
- V1 + s/es is used for the subject: he, she, it,
singular noun/pronoun
Example: He cleans the yard every week
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
Example: They do not clean the yard every week
He does not clean the yard every week
(-) S + is, am, are + not
Example: Marina is not a kind girl
(?) do/does + S + V1 (Yes, No Question)
Example: Do they clean the yard every week?
Does he clean the yard every week?
(?) question word + do/does + S + V1 (Wh.
Question)
Example: Why do they clean the yard every week?
Why does he clean the yard every week?
(?) is, am, are + S (Yes, No Question)
Example: Is Marina a kind girl?
(?) question word + is, am, are + S
(Wh. Question)
Example: Why is Marina very kind?
Note: Verb and Be have similar position as ―predicate‖ for a sentence. They are used
interchangeably. If there is ―verb‖, there is no ―be‖ and vice versa (except in progressive
tenses). For instance: I am go it is incorrect, since it is double predicate.
3. The Time Signal for Simple Present:
Simple Present is indicated by time signal such as: every ..., on Sundays. It is also indicated
by the use of ―adverb of frequency‖ such as : sometimes, seldom, usually, rarely, always,
never, often. When there is no time signal or adverb of frequency, simple present can also be
indicated by the context of the sentence.
Example: A tree absorbs carbondioxide (the sentence indicate something happening
everyday).
4. Simple Present vs. Present Progressive/Continuous
Simple Present is frequently interpreted to be similar with Present Progressive. They are
obviously different. Simple Present means habitual activities, whereas Present Progressive
means ongoing activities (activities happening on that time). They are indicated by different
time signals.
Exercise 2. Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive!
1. Dian can‘t come to the phone because she (wash) ___________ her hair.
2. Dian (wash) __________ her hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually) __________ in the front row during class, but today she (sit)
_________ in the last row.
4. Please be quiet. I (try) _________ to concentrate
5. (lock, you, always) _____________ the door when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn‘t answered my letter yet. I (wait, still)
____________ for a reply.
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7. Every morning, the sun (shine) __________ in my bedroom window and (wake) _______
me up.
8. After three days of rain, I‘m glad that the sun (shine) ___________ again today.
9. A: Look! It (snow) __________
B: It‘s beautiful! That is the first time I‘ve ever seen snow. It (snow, not) ______________
in my country.
10. Mike is a student, but he (go, not) __________ to school right now because it‘s summer.
He (attend) ________ college from September to May every year.
Exercise 3. Using interogative Simple Present in speaking. Translate the following
sentence into English!
1. Apakah seekor ikan bernafas dengan paru-paru?
2. Apakah anda siap untuk berangkat?
3. Mengapa bayi menangis jika dia lapar?
4. Apa manfaat kalsium bagi tubuh manusia?
5. Dimana ibu biasanya membeli sayuran?
6. Apa pendapat anda tentang korupsi di Indonesia?
7. Bagaimana kita menggunakan mesin ATM?
8. Kapan air mendidih?
9. Apakah makanan cepat saji itu sehat?
10. Mengapa tumbuhan meranggas di musim panas?
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UNIT III
CLASS OF WORDS/ DERIVATION
In English language, it is known four types of word, they are: Verb, Noun, Adjective and
Adverb. Knowing about words and their classes will automatically enlarge vocabulary. In
derivation, a verb can be changed into noun, a noun can be changed into adjective, and so on,
by adding some derivational suffixes. Pay attention to the following table:
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
Beautify
Standardize
Communicate
Act
Direct
Succeed
Simplify
Popularize
Endanger
Sharpen
Beauty
Standard
Communication
Action
Direction
Success
Simplicity
Popularity
Danger
Sharpness
Beautiful
Standard
Communicative
Active
Directive
Successful
Simple
Popular
Dangerous
Sharp
Beautifully
Standardly
Communicatively
Actvely
Directively
Successfully
Simply
Popularly
Dangerously
Sharply
Every class of word has certain derivational suffixes which become their characteristic. In
other words, class of word can be recognized by paying attention to derivational suffixes
attached to the words. Pay attention to the following table and learn it.
VERB
Suffixes Noun Verb Suffixes Noun Verb
-en Fright
Length
Short
Frighten
Lengthen
Shorten
[s] ending
[z] ending
Advise [s]
Excuse [s]
Use [s]
Advise [z]
Excuse [z]
Use [z]
-ze, -ize Apology
Memory
Standard
Apologize
Memorize
Standardize
[s],[z]
ending[d]
ending
Applause [s]
Success [s]
Defense [s]
Applaud [d]
Succeed [d]
Defend [d]
-fy, -ify Beauty
Class
Terror
Beautify
Classify
Terrify
[f] ending
[v] ending
Belief [f]
Proof [f]
Relief [f]
Believe [v]
Prove [v]
Relieve [v]
NOUN
Suffixes Verb Noun Suffixes Verb Noun
-ment Agree
Argue
Develop
Agreement
Argument
Development
-al Refuse
Deny
Arrive
Refusal
Denial
Arrival
-ion, -tion,
-ation
Act
Produce
Admire
Action
Production
Admiration
-ure, -ture,
-ature
Depart
Mix
Sign
Departure
Mixture
Signature
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-ance,-ence Appear
Disturb
Attend
Appearance
Disturbance
Attendance
-ery, -ary Bound
Bribe
Deliver
Boundary
Bribery
Delivery
-t Complain
Contain
Fly
Complaint
Content
Flight
-age Marry
Pack
Spoil
Marriage
Package
Spoilage
-er, -or, -
ist, -ant, -
ent
Compose
Direct
Type
Serve
Reside
Composer
Director
Typist
Servant
Resident
ADJECTIVE
Suffixes Noun Adjective Suffixes Noun Adjective
-y Sand
Blood
Risk
Sandy
Bloody
Risky
-less Worth
Pain
Use
Worthless
Painless
Useless
-ly Friend
Mother
Week
Friendly
Motherly
Weekly
-ous Mistery
Danger
Fame
Mysterious
Dangerous
Famous
-ful Beauty
Pain
Use
Beautiful
Painful
Useful
-al, -ial, -tial Accident
Difference
Confidence
Accidental
Differential
Confidential
-ic, -atic Base
Simpathy
Economy
Basic
Simpathetic
Economic
-en, -ed Gold
Experience
Golden
Experienced
-ent, -ant Difference
Defiance
Different
Defiant
-able, -ible Reason
Sense
Reasonable
Sensible
-ish Child Childish -ive Imagination Imaginative
Exercise 6. Change the word in bracket into the correct form, or let it as it is, if it has
alreday been correct!
1. The children are cryng because they are _______ (hunger)
2. The actress was very _____ (fame) in the past
3. He talked a great about _____ (success)
4. I think he is a very ______ (suspicion) man
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5. He left _____ (tire) after a long walk
6. The first information is quite _____ (differ) from the second
7. You must be _____ (care) in order not to get any accident
8. _____ (surprise) thing may happen anywhere
9. They tought that the restaurant will be _____ (profit)
10. Have you ever come to the _____ (month) meeting
Reading Passage 3
Mangrove
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-
filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but
not as salty as sea water. Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas.
Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami.
According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster
tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the
tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer
more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river.
Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with
sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the
ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and
was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they
also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface.
As the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in
the soil.
Exercise 7. Answer the question based on the text!
1. How can a mangrove thrive in brackish water?
2. What is the advantage of planting mangroves?
3. Where is the habitat for mangroves?
4. Mention some species of mangrove?
5. Why should mangroves be attached firmly to the ground?
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UNIT IV
Vacation to London
Mr. Richard‘s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons.
They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the
British embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This
includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London.
They boarded large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the
cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them newspaper and magazine to read. They gave
them food and drink. There was a film for entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight.
They slept part of the way.
On arrival at Heathrow airport, they had to go to customs and immigration. The
officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very
polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London welcome desk.
They arranged the transfer to a hotel. The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room
had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet, instead of keys for
the room, they inserted a key card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant
serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food. The two weeks in London went
by fast. At the end of the 14-days, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.
www.tugaskuliah,info
Exercise 1. Answer the questions based on the information from the text!
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Mind the predicate in every sentence, and write 10 of them!
3. How long did Mr. Richard‘s have their holiday in London?
4. How did Mr. Richard‘s go to London?
5. What did Mr. Richard‘s do after arriving at Heathrow airport?
6. What is Mr. Richard‘s family‘s impression on their vacation?
A. Grammar Focus
SIMPLE PAST
1. Simple Past is used to state past activities.
2. The pattern for Simple Past is:
Verbal Sentence Nominal Sentence
(+) S + V2
Example: They cleaned the yard last week
S + was, were
Example: Marina was busy yesterday
(-) S + did + not + V1
Example: They did not clean the yard last week
(-) S + is, am, are + not
Example: Marina was not busy
yesterday
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(?) did + S + V1 (Yes, No Question)
Example: Did they clean the yard last week?
(?) question word + did + S + V1 (Wh. Question)
Example: Why did they clean the yard last week?
(?) was, were + S (Yes, No Question)
Example: Was Marina busy yesterday?
(?) question word + was, were + S
(Wh. Question)
Example: Why was Marina busy
yesterday?
3. The Time Signal for Simple Past:
Simple Past is indicated by time signal such as: last ...; ... ago and past date.
Note:
Simple past always deals with past verb or usually called V2. Regular verb has regular
pattern by adding ―ed‖ for V2 and V3, however, irregular verbs do not have specific pattern,
so they should be learned by enlisting them. Pay attention to the table!
Regular Verb
V1 V2 V3
Study
Look
Stop
Listen
Studied
Looked
Stopped
Listened
Studied
Looked
Stopped
Listened
Iregular Verb
V1 V2 V3
Bear
Begin
Break
Come
Deal
Fall
Find
Hit
Keep
Swim
Bore
Began
Broke
Came
Dealt
Fell
Found
Hit
Kept
Swam
Born
Begun
Broken
Come
Dealt
Fallen
Found
Hit
Kept
Swum
4. Simple Past vs. Past Continous
Simple Past is not frequently overlapped with Past Continous, but Simple Past is often used
as a sub clause modifying Past Continous. The combination of them show the meaning of an
event which was occuring when other event happened at the same time.
Example: I was walking along the street when it began to rain
While I was studying, someone knocked the door
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Exercise 2. Make a list of irregular verbs, at least 20 verbs!
Exercise 3. Change the following sentences into interogative!
1. She made a mistake
2. The man stole the money
3. She was sick last night
4. He threw a piece of challk
5. Mother spoke to him
Exercise 4. Change the verb in bracket into Simple Past and Past Continuous!
1. I (call) __________ Robert last night but he (study) _________
2. I (hear, not) __________ the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep) _______
3. My brother and sister (argue) _________ about something when I (walk) ________ into
the room.
4. I (find) my old photo when I (clean) my old cupboard
5. While Mr. Emerson (read) ________ a story, the littele boy (fall) __________ asleep.
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UNIT V
How Cell Phones Work
A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What is a cell phone? A cell
phone is actually a radio in certain way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to
other people in real time. Million people use cell phone for their communication. Even
nowadays, people use cell phones to communicate in voice, written and data. Alexander
Graham Bell is the person who made great change in the way people communicate to each
other. He invented a telephone in 1876. While wireless radio was formally known in 1894
presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By these two technologies, then a cell phone was born.
However do you know how actually cell phones work?
This short explanation on how a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long
term "cellular telephone' works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The
towers are networked to a central switching station. The connection usually uses wire, fiber
optic-cables, or microwave.
Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed
connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellulars are picked up by the towers and
relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of wire-based telephone network.
The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal
from short distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually
more than one tower in certain given area so that the system can handle the increasing
telephone traffic.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blank with suitable words from the box below.
A cell phone was ___1___ because of the technology of the great discoveries of telephone
and wireless radio. The operation of a cell phone is by ____2____ signals of radio to towers
of cellular. A central switching station is linked to many ____3____. The ability of a tower to
___4___ signal is various. The increase of cell phone user should be accompanied by the
___5___ in the amount of tower.
Passive Voice
The pattern for passive voice is: S + be + V3
The use of be in passive voice is determined by the tenses. Briefly, the be which is used in
passive voice can be classified into 5 groups:
1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Continuous (progressive) : is, am, are / was, were + being
4. Perfect : has, have / had + been
born calls having transmitting decline
signals receive make towers increase
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5. Future : will / be going to + be
To determine what kind of be is needed, we should pay attention to some guidance of
choosing be in acordance with the tenses:
1. Present, if the time signals used are adverbs of frequency, such as: sometimes,
usually, rarely, always, never, often; and context of sentence showing habit or general
truth.
Example:
Oxygen is distributed all over the body by the blood.
(although there is no time signal indicating present tense, the context of the sentence
shows a concept of general truth wich must be stated with present tense.
2. Past, if the time signals used are: yesterday; ...ago; last..., past date; and context of
sentence showing something happened in certain time in the past.
Example:
Borobudur temple was built by the Syailendra dynasty.
(there is no time signal, byt context of the sentence indicates that that event happened
in certain time in the pas, so the be used should be in past).
3. Continuous/ Progressive (includes Present and Past Continuous/ Progressive), if the
time signals used are: now, at the moment, at present; and context of sentence
showing an event which is still occuring at the time of speaking, or still occuring in
the certain time of the past. The concept of continuous tense is also used in a sentence
begun with a command.
Example:
- ‗Is my car ready?‘
‗I‘m sorry, it is still being fixed because we didn‘t get the sparepart until today‘
- ‗Look!‘ The skyscraper is being cleaned.
4. Perfect (includes Present and Past Perfect and Present/Past Perfect continuous), if
the time signals used are: for, since; and context of sentence showing something that
has already happened, has happened and is still happening, or certain event which had
happened before one event in the past.
Example:
The mail had been delivered by the mail carrier before I left for school this morning.
A. was delivered
B. has delivered
C. had been delivered
D. has been delivering
E. was being delivered
(although there is no time signal of for or since, the concept indicated by the sentence
is two consecutive events in the past (thus, it must be stated with past perfect and
simple past).
5. Future (includes Present/Past Future, Present/PastFuture Continuous), if the time
signals are: tomorrow; next...; soon/immediately; and context of sentence showing
something which will possibly happen in the future.
Example:
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‗What is going to happen with those orphans after the dissaster?‘
‗Don‘t worry they will be taken care of.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blank with the correct form of passive or active!
1. The game (win, probably) ______ by the other team next season
2. The Amazon valley is extremely important for ecology of earth because 40% of world
oxygen (produce) there.
3. Right now Alex is in hospital. He (treat) _____ for a bad burn onhis arms
4. Yesterday the wind (blow) _____ my hat fell of my head
5. This meat (must, keep) _____ in refrigerator
6. A bracelet (wear) _____ around the wrist
7. Water (compose) _____ of hydrogen and oxygen
8. That beautiful bridge (build)_____ in Soeharto‘s government
9. The book is not on the desk anymore. Someone must have (take) _____ it.
10. When I arrived, the car (wash) _____.
19
UNIT VI
Overpopulated Jakarta
The Jakarta Post | Sat, 08/21/2010 10:51 AM
Jakarta‘s population is at an alarming level. According to results of the recent national
census, the capital city is inhabited by nearly 9.6 million people — exceeding a population
projection of 9.2 million for 2025. The city‘s population is 4 percent of the country‘s total
population of 237.6 million people. With the new figures, we can see that the city‘s
population has grown 4.4 percent over the last 10 years, up from 8.3 million in 2000. What
do these figures say? The capital city is overpopulated.
As a consequence, the city‘s policy makers need to revise many of their urban development
targets — including job creation, food security, housing, healthcare and infrastructure — as
all the city‘s current problems could be the results of bad population estimates. The most
important thing, however, is to deal with continuing population growth. At current levels, the
city has a population density of 14,476 people per square kilometer. If Central Jakarta and the
Thousand Islands regency were excluded, the figure would reach 18, 676 people.
It is not difficult to see overcrowding in Jakarta. Traffic chaos occurs nearly every day. Slums
still exist in many areas, including along many river banks. Street vendors continue to occupy
public spaces such as sidewalks and parks, as there are fewer and fewer legal spaces for them
to do business. Currently, less than 10 percent of the city is dedicated to green or open spaces,
compared to an ideal figure of 30 percent.
The only answer is to reduce the high population growth rate. Although the Central Statistics
Agency (BPS) has not provided a demographic breakdown of the city‘s population, we can
easily guess that urbanization contributes most to population growth in Jakarta, which
remains a magnet that attracts people from across the country. The city population agency
even said that births contribute less than 1 percent to the city‘s growing population.
The Jakarta administration has indeed taken measures to curb urbanization. It has issued a
bylaw that limits entry of migrants into the city, with only those who have guaranteed jobs
allowed to live in the city, while officers of the city public order agency often conduct raids
against illegal residents. But those efforts have failed to solve the problem. In frustration,
Governor Fauzi Bowo has even made a call to his counterparts to prevent their people from
coming to Jakarta. Those efforts are not enough because Jakarta remains the sole ―center of
attraction‖ for many people from across the country. All efforts to curb the city‘s birth rate
will be meaningless if we cannot curb urbanization.
To deal with this problem, Jakarta cannot work alone because there are still factors pushing
urbanization. Young farmers prefer to leave their hometowns to work in the city due to a lack
of government incentives in the agricultural sector, while people with higher education prefer
to work in Jakarta because of a failure to create centers of economic growth in regions other
than Jakarta. All these problems can only be solved if there is political will from the central
government to deal with the issue of reducing disparities between Jakarta and other
provinces.
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Exercise 1. Answer the questions based on the text!
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Why is Jakarta said over-populated?
3. Explain the effect of over-populated Jakarta!
4. What has the government done to overcome the problem of overpopulation in Jakarta?
5. What is the main cause of population growth in Jakarta?
6. What efforts should be done to cope with the effect of over-population?
7. What factors trigger urbanization?
Why Exercise is Important
The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too busy to do that.
However, many expert said that exercise has great role in making our body healthy
Being physically active offers many advantage. In physical reword, exercise can reduce
weight then our body will become fitter. Exercise is also believed to reduce stress levels,
improve sleep patterns, and reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some forms of
cancer. Beside physical advantage, exercise also brings good effects mentally. Due to the
fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can increase our life
quality and expectancy.
How can we do exercise while we are busy? Such question is commonly found among us.
Actually exercise can be done in simple ways. We can go walking while shopping. In the
office we can take stair rather than lift to run up and down. Or we can go cycling while enjoy
the leisure time.
Over all, doing exercise is little bit difficult in busy life but the little bit of exercise will help
better. Adapted from: www.hifit.co.uk/health-breaks/importance-exercise.htm
Exercise 2. Translate the text into Indonesian!
Make an outline of the text structure!
Exercise 3. Make an Exposition text using one of the following topics!
- The importance of English language
- Laptop as student‘s friend
- The danger of smoking
21
B. Grammar Focus
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction can be classified into two types, that is:
1. Coordinative Conjunction: conjunction which combine grammatically equal sentence
elements, for instance word with word, sentence with sentence, noun with noun, verb
progressive with verb progressive, etc. in coordinative conjunction, there will be no
differentiation of main clause and sub clause.
Example: or, and, but, so, yet, nor, or
Coordinative conjunction can be modified to form paired conjunction, they are:
- both...............and ……….. : baik …… maupun ……
- either………… or ……….. : salah satunya
- neither…. ….. nor ……….. : tidak keduanya
- not only..….but also……… : tidak hanya …… tapi juga …….
- so ………….. that ………... : sangat …… sehingga ……
- such ……….. that ………… : sangat …... sehingga ……
2. Subordinative Conjunction: conjunction which combine sub clause and main clause..
Contoh: Many fishermen went sailing although the weather was very bad
Main Clause Sub Clause
From the meaning, conjunction can be classified into five main relationship of meaning
1. Cause and effect
2. Concession
3. Addition
4. Condition
5. Defining
I. Cause and Effect
1. Because, as, since, for: karena (followed by a clause –there is subject and predicate)
Contoh: We didn‘t come to the meeting because the weather was very bad
S P
Because in the sentence can be replaced by as, since or for
- Due to, because of: karena (followed by phrase –no predicate-)
Contoh: We didn‘t come to the meeting because of the very bad weather
(no predicate)
2. Therefore, accordingly: oleh karena itu, karena itu
Contoh: The rice field in this region severely destroyed by plant pest, therefore, the price
of rice is rising highly.
3. So, thus, so that, in order that, in order to: jadi, maka, sehingga, agar supaya
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II. Concession
1. Although, even though, though: walaupun/meskipun (followed by a clause).
Contoh: He went to the party although he was tired
- despite, inspite of: walaupun/meskipun (followed by a phrase)
Contoh: They went to the party despite his tiredness
2. However, nevertheless, but, yet, still
III. Addition
1. In addition, moreover, furthermore, besides: lagipula, disamping itu
Contoh: She is a very nice girl, moreover she is smart
IV. Condition
1. if, unless, otherwise, as long as
V. Defining
1. that is, namely
Exercise 5. Choose the correct answer!
1. The way professor Mattis teaches
English not only keeps the students‘
interest ____
A. and also increases their motivation
B. but also increasing their motivation
C. and he also increases their
motivation
D. but also increases their motivation
2. My uncle doesn‘t earn much ____ he
can send his children to college
A. however C. therefore
B. and D. so
3. We were planning to open a new office
____ the economic crisis forced us to
postpone it.
A. and
B. or
C. so
D. but
4.____ his good performance as a student,
he is always nerveous when doing the
exam.
A. unless
B. although
C. instead of
D. despite
5. ____ she likes him very much, she
always pretends to ignore him.
A. because
B. whereas
C. even though
D. however
6. The hotel provides good facilities, yet
…..
A. the occupancy rate is very low
B. foreign tourists like to stay there
C. it is located on a beautiful beach
D. it is advertised in the yellow pages
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7. All the members of the Parliament
applauded …… the president was walking
to his seat.
A. so that
B. even if
C. as soon as
D. while
8. ‗How is the restaurant?‘
‗The food is good but …..
A. the atmosphere of the restaurant is
cozy
B. it can be easily reached
C. the service needs to be improved
D. it is cheaper than any other
restaurant
9. ‗Mom, why do you insist on my
wearing a jacket?‘
‗…… I‘m sure it will be very cold
outside‘
A. until
B. since
C. so that
D. because of
10. Smoking can be the causes of many
illnesses and respiratory disorders;
…… it may harm non-smokers.
A. consequently
B. in addition
C. nevertheless
D. otherwise
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UNIT VII
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the
world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria,
England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It
causes no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:
It costs about the same coal, so it is not expensive to make.
It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
It produces small amount of waste.
It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for
many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of
money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a
major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Exercise 1. Answer the question based on the text!
1. The text tells us about?
A. nuclear as a mineral
B. nuclear is useful
C. nuclear is beneficial but dangerous as well
D. the reason of using nuclear energy
2. According the text, nuclear energy is often utilized by?
A. military ships and submarines
B. state and private company
C. weapon producer
D. intellegence bureau
3. The following is the advantage of nuclear energy, EXCEPT:
A. it‘s cheap
B. it produces small amount but threatening waste
C. environmentally friendly
D. it produces huge amount of energy
4. ―although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety...‖. the underlined word is
closest in meaning to ...
A. advantageous
B. trustworthy
C. renewable
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D. affordable
Reading Passage 2
The Debate over National Examination
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme
Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national exams, the
controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued.
Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesian education
depend on the national exam? Will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen
without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesian
education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current
system. However, there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this
national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams
because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the
national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and
does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or
detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Arranged from: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/19/quality-education-and-national-exams.html
Exercise 2. Answer the questions based on the text!
1. What is the issue proposed in the passage?
2. Mention the disadvantage of maintaining national examination!
3. What is the reason given by those who are in favor of national examination?
4. What can be concluded from the text?
5. Find out the synonym of the following words from the passage!
Debate Essential Secure Oppose Handy
E. Grammar Focus
ENGLISH CLAUSES
English clause is a unit of meaning consists of Subject and Finite. Finite can be in the form of
―be‖ and ―verb‖. Finite is also commonly said as ―predicate‖. There is no clause without
finite.
Example: She works in a foreign company (―work‖ is ―a finite‖ in the form of verb). Such
kind of sentence is called verbal sentence.
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She is an English teacher (―is‖ is ―a finite‖ in the form of ―be‖). Such kind of
sentence is called nominal sentence.
Besides finite as the main elemen of a clause, there is also element of clause which is not
necessarily exist in a clause, that is ―adverb‖
Recognizing sentence or clause is difficult when the sentence or clause is complex. The
common error in academic writing is making a clause without predicate. This is because the
writer doesn‘t understand well the elements of the sentence he/she makes. Knowing elements
of an english clause is very important if we want to be understood. We should remember that
writing academically is writing based on reader‘s expectation.
Exercise 3. Recognizing sentence elements in a complex long sentence! Identify which
one is Subject, Predicate, Object, Adverb!
1. Many modern educational experts claim that teaching facts and academic skills is less
important than achieving other social objectives.
2. For some liberals, the schools must first change attitudes or provide nurturing in place of
failed families or help establish equality and social justice.
3. But the idea of simply educating kids seems to have taken a backseat to most educational
experts and administrators.
4. Despite all the atrocities falsely attributed to it, the gorilla is essentially a peace-loving
creature that would rather retreat than fight except when its life is threatened and retreat is
impossible.
5. The White House, the official home of the President of the United States, was designed by
the architect james Hoban, who is said to hve been influenced by the design of a palace in
Ireland.
F. Reading Passage 3
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous
and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses
and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage.
Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs
no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore,
distance learning can be done at any student‘s convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance
learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed
particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during
27
off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can
deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional
class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and
needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with
possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always
available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not
provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the
feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them.
Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that
social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual‘s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live
interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don‘t really
need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs
to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.
Exercise 5. Answer the question based on the text!
1. Why do traditional colleges and famous universities begin to be interested in distance
learning?
2. What are the reasons given by those who are agree with distance learning?
3. Mention the disadvanttage of distance learning!
4. Why is distance learning considered costly?
5. What is the writer‘s opinion about distance learning?
28
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- . 1992. A Brief Introduction to Genre. Metropolitan East Disadvantaged Schools‘ Program
Betty S. Azar, 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. London: Prentice Hall
-. IELTS course material for writing
Murphy Raymond, 1986. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press
Quirk, Randolph & Greenbaum. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Longman Group
Limited, England
-. Toefl material for reading
understandingtext.blogspot.com
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