enhancing china’s energy efficiency: the policy challenges philip andrews-speed centre for energy,...
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Enhancing China’s energy efficiency:
the policy challenges
Philip Andrews-SpeedCentre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral
Law and Policy, University of Dundee
Energy supply & demand
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
mm
tce
Consumption
Production
Energy intensity
-50.00100.00150.00200.00250.00300.00350.00400.00450.00500.00
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
kg
ce
/1,0
00
19
95
Y
Questions
• How do energy conservation and energy efficiency fit with wider energy policy making and implementation?
• What is the past record of the government in this field?
• What is the outlook?
Apparent energy policy 1995-2005
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004/5
Energy conservation XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Energy production XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Energy structure XX XX XX XX XX
Geography/transport X XX XX XX XX
Overseas Energy X XX XX XXX XXX
Environment X X XX XX XX
Emergency storage X X X XX
Reform/liberalisation XX X XX X
Energy policy-making and implementation
• Nature of policy:– Disjointed, industry-specific, target focused
– Lacking coherence and specific measures
– Focus on energy supply
• Policy making– Driven by industry players and interests
– No powerful government agency for energy
• Policy implementation– Shortage of resources; institutional weaknesses
– Resistance from vested interests
Energy efficiency:the record 1980-2004
• 1980 - late 1990s– Substantial investment, in industry– Quotas of energy supply to industry– Energy conservation technology centres– Financial incentives– Structural shifts
• 2000 - 2004– Reduced investment and incentives– Growth of energy intensive industry
Why is continued energy inefficiency so costly?
• Cost to the national economy and competitiveness• Drain on domestic primary energy resources• Energy import requirement: forex and
implications for international markets• Security of energy supply• Environmental damage: local, regional, global• Enhancing efficiency is cheaper than producing
more energy
What are the requirements?
• Indirect: structural changes in industry, shift industries ‘offshore’
• Appliance standards and labelling• Public transport policy; building standards• Economic signals: especially end-user pricing• Guidance, information centres• Other incentives to invest in energy efficiency
appliances: tax, subsidies, DSM• Massive investment: 10’s billions RMB p.a.
What are the potential obstacles?
• Policy framework: coherence• Social policy: pricing• Institutional: structures and political power• Vested interests: energy companies, local government• Resources: agencies and direct investment• Legal: allocation of responsibility; penalties• Incentives: suppliers and users• Regional disparities• Lack of real commitment and funding
• Target of 20% energy intensity reduction by 2010
• ESCOs established, and ‘Guiding Committee’
• New standards for buildings, lighting & air-conditioners
• New supervisory mechanisms for major energy users
• ‘Green power’ mechanism
• Energy conservation products ‘licensing’
What has been started in Shanghai in 2006 and 2006?
Reasons for favourable outlook in Shanghai?
• Administratively concentrated
• Rich– can afford costs– nature of the energy demand
• Education level
• Reputation risk as international city
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