environmental solutions in hydropower machines
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1Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Environmental solutions in hydro power machinesJürgen Schuol, Jason Foust, Daniel Christ
Phnom Penh, 2011-12-07
2Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Voith Group and Voith Hydro Group Division
• Voith: family-owned from its onset in 1867
– Four divisions: Hydro, Paper, Turbo, and Industrial Services
– Worldwide presence for our customers (> 50 countries)
– FY 2009/10: Sales 5,191 Mio. €, Employees 39,132
• Voith Hydro: products and services of large and small hydro plants - turbines, generators, pumps and automation
Itaipu (Brazil) Three Gorges, San Xia (China)Kops II (Austria) Revelstoke (USA)
3Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Hydro PowerSuccesses in Sustainability
We support the development of hydro power with a keen sense of responsibility, environmentally and socially.
Example: Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol• Performance assessment tool• to produce a sustainability profile• for all types of hydro power projects • in four major life cycle stages
http://www.hydrosustainability.org/
4Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Sustainability Topics
5Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Fish Friendly Turbines
Bonneville Dam (USA)
6Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Overview of damage mechanisms for fish
Third option (after spilling and fish collection) is to allow fish to pass through
turbines.
7Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Fish Passage Development
In the early 1990’s, the US Department of Energy launched the
Advanced Hydro Turbine System (AHTS) program.
The program was subdivided into two main areas of focus:
- larger axial flow applications
- smaller radial flow applications
Conventional Radial
Conventional Axial
8Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Reference Minimum Gap Runner (MGR):e.g. Bonneville – USA
The project includes replacement Kaplan turbines designed to enhance fish survival.
MGR DesignExisting Design
9Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Alden Turbine Development
Turbine runner• Larger to meet fish passage
criteria (shear, min pressure, pressure change rates)
• Slower rotational speed and reduced number of turbine blades
• 6” diameter nose thickness
Distributor• Optimized stay vane to wicket gate
alignment to minimize gap • Reduced number of stay vanes
and wicket gates to minimize strike
Expected fish survival > 98%~13 mm gap
10Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Fish Survivability
• Graph shows survivability considering blade strike for an ~20 cm fish
• Survivability rates assume all turbines can meet secondary fish survivability criteria (minimum pressures, pressure change rate, shear)
Power, [MW]
MGR
Alden Runner
Head, [m]
11Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Auto-Venting Turbines
Conowingo Dam (USA)
12Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Turbine Aeration for Water Quality Enhancement: Motivation
• Warmer temperatures can cause thermal stratification
• Reservoir separates into layers, preventing natural mixing
• Low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in turbine discharges can harm fish and other aquatic life
13Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Overview of Aeration Techniques: Auto-Venting Turbines (AVT)
In order to improve tailrace dissolved oxygen levels, air or oxygen gas can be introduced into the water passing through turbine.
3 primary AVT methods:
• Central aeration (blue) – air injected through deflector
• Peripheral (yellow) – air injected through continuous slot in discharge ring
• Distributed aeration (green) – air injected through hollow blade
14Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Turbine Aeration for Water Quality Enhancement: Conclusions
Distributed aeration is most effective for 0.8 ≤ Q/Qopt ≤ 1.2
• largest potential for air flow and DO uptake
• lowest impact on turbine efficiency
If distributed not available, peripheral next alternative
• for Q/Qopt ≥ 0.8, air flows, DO uptakes and efficiency impacts more favorable than central
Central aeration third choice
• effective for Q/Qopt < 0.8
AVT combinations can be used to maximize uptake while minimizing performance impacts
15Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Protective CoatingSystems
16Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
In hydro power plants located on rivers originating from mountainous regions (e.g. Mekong), hydro-abrasive erosion is a known phenomenon, but often lack of awareness!
17Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Hydro-abrasive Erosion: Risks and Solutions
Hydro-abrasive erosion increases the economical risk of a hydro power project due to:
• Maintenance and repairs at short intervals
• Loss of efficiency
• Loss of productive time
Different approaches for sediment management:
• Civil works (e.g. desilting chambers, flushing facilities)
• Constructive means (e.g. type of machine, speed, hydraulic layout)
• Protective coatings
18Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Protective coatings
Diaturb 532 Softurb 80
Hard Coating
• Carbides in a metallic matrix (WC + Co/Cr)
• Application by HVOF process
Soft Coating
• Polyurethane based
• Application by painting or spraying
19Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Voith Hydro Coating SystemsCombined Approach
Diaturb 532(Hard
coating)
Softurb 80(Soft
coating)- Wearing rings (F)- Facing plates (F, K)- Guide vane end sides (F, K)- Guide vane closing edges (F, K)- Pelton equipment
- Narrow Francis water passages- Coatings applied on site
- Runners (F, K)- Guide vanes (F, K)- Other (e.g. shaft)
F ... FrancisK ... Kaplan
Combination
Partial hard coating
Soft coating on top
20Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Summary
21Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Possible Sustainability Profile - without and with Voith Hydro environmental solutions
Level 3: basic good practice
Level 5: proven best-practice
22Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
Contact:Dr. Jürgen SchuolManager Environmental EngineeringVoith Hydro Holding GmbH & Co. KGTel. +49 7321 37 9214juergen.schuol@voith.com
23Environmental solutions in hydro power machines | Schuol | 2011-12-07
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