epidemiology [epidi:mi: ɔ ləd ʒ i:] of respiratory infectiom philip keith pattemore and lance c....
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Epidemiology[epidi:mi:′ɔlədʒi:] of Respiratory Infectiom
Philip Keith Pattemore and Lance C. Jennings
Teaching Points
• Technological developments molecular [mə'lekjələ]Known viruses are more prevalent ['prevələnt]New viruses continue to be discovered
• The study of morbidity [mɔ ' biditi] and mortality [mɔ'tæliti] …lack of precise definitions and specific, practical diagnostic methds.
• Children in developing countries account for [ə'kauntfər] 70%
• Malnutrition ['mælnju'triʃən], poverty, indoor smoke, and comorbid conditions including malaria [mə'lɛəriə], tuberculosis [tju:bə:kju'ləʊsɪs]etc greatly increase the risks
• Emerging respiratory diseases present an ongoing risk…
Common Respiratory Viruses
• Respiratory syncytial virus ['respərə,tɔ:ri:, ri'spaiərə-]
• Influenza [influ:'enzə] virus type A and B
• Parainfluenza[pærəinflu′enzə]viruses
• Adenoviruses• Rhinoviruses [rainəʊ′vaiərəs]• In younger children, viruses are the cause of 90% of LRTIs …• Symptomatic [simtə'mætik]
substantial [səb'stænʃəl]
Laboratory Detection
• Conventional diagnostic methods - antigen detection, serology[siə'rɔlədʒi]
, culture… Tab 31-1(1976-1981)• Molecular diagnostic [daiəɡ'nɔstik] methods - PCR, three to five times as sensitive as cell culture… - Figure 31-1 viral identification breakdown in three studies: A:
nasal lavage, RT-PCR; B: nasopharyngeal [,neizəufə'rindʒiəl]
swabs,PCR/RT-PCR, immunoflurescence and viral culture; C: not described speciments, immunoassay, culture, PCR
Previously Unkown Viruses
• human metapneumoviruses(hMPV) -2000• new human coronaviruses: - SARS-Cov, hCov NL63, hCo-HKU1• Another viruses: hBoV• nucleic['nju:kliik] acid['æsid]
polymerase['pɔlimə,reis]dominant['dɔminənt]
• 'Relative pro'portion
Multiple infections
• Multiple infection: 1.8-15.8% 27%
- more frequently in young children (less than 4yr)
- experience a median of 4.4 to 5.5
alternatively[ɔ:l'tə:nətivli]
Shedding 脱落 continum 连续区 residual.[ri'zidʒu:əl]
Epidemiology
• Periodicity .[piri:ə'disiti:]Seasonality
• Circulate• biennial.[bai'eni:əl]
两年一次的predominant
• tropical.[‘trɔpikəl]热带
• Latitude 纬度 • colloquially [kə'ləʊkwi:əl]
adj. 口语的 • elucidate.[i'lu:si'deit]
Signs and Symptoms
• resemble.[ri'zembl]vt. 看起来像
• surpass.[sə'pɑ:s]vt. 超过
• Croup• typical.['tipikəl] 典型的 • classic.['klæsik]
febrile.['febrəl, fi:brəl] 发热的• myalgia[mai'ældʒiə] 肌痛
Bronchiolitis obliterans• Ubiquitous .[ju:'bikwitəs]
adj. 普遍存在
ALRTI: Scope and Limitations
• consolidation, parenchyma [pə'reŋkimə] 实质 obliteration [ə,blitə'reiʃən] 闭塞alveolar [ æl'viələ,ælvi'əulə] purulent ['pjuərulənt] 脓的 exudate ['eksjudeit] 渗出物
• Indrawing [in'drɔ:iŋ] 吸入 , 纳 Grunting auscultatory [ɔ:'skʌltətəri] 听诊的 crackle [krækəl] 爆裂声 immobility [iməʊ'biliti] 固定性 , 静止reconciling .['rekənsail]inherent 内在的 facilities expertise [,ekspə'ti:z]
WHO case manage guideline
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