ereka - etika rekayasa - ethics engineering, chapter the responsibilities of engineers

Etika REKAyasa – FT 4010

M. Misdianto, M.Sc.

W3 – The Responsibilities of Engineer

M. Misdianto, M.Sc.

LO – Learning Objective

1. Passive & Active Responsibilities

2. Four conditions – BLAMEWORTHINESS

3. Profesional Ideals

4. Profesional Responsibilities

5. Social context of technologies vs

responsibilities of engineers

1 OCTOBER 2014 INTRODUCTION 5

CHALLENGER CASE

– 25th Launch SS; Jan 28th, 1986– Christa McAuliffe, Teacher– Ronald Reagan, US President

–4 C, Cape Canaveral, Florida USA– Morton Thiokol; Roger Boisjoly – 1985; O-Rings– 10 C, preceeding night

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RESPONSIBILITY

• Held accountable for your actions and for the effects of your actions.

• Active vs Passive– Active = Before something has happened.– Passive = After something (undesirable) has

happened.

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Other Responsibility

• Role, based on the role one has or plays in a certain situation.

• Moral, based on moral obligations, moral norms or moral duties.

• Professional, based on one’s role as profes-sional in as far it stays within the limit of what is morally allowed.

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PASSIVE RESPONSIBILITY

Backward-looking responsibility, relevant after something undesirable occurred; specific forms are accountability, blameworthiness, and liability.

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A & B

Backward-looking responsibility in the sense of being held to account for, or justify one’s actions towards others ACCOUNTABILITY

BLAMEWORTHINESS Backward-looking responsibility in the sense of being a proper target of blame for one’s actions or the consequences of one’s actions. In order for someone to be blameworthy;• Wrong-doing• Causal contribution• Foreseeability• Freedoom

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WRONG-DOING

• A person, Institution• Carrying out a certain action• Violated a norm• Did something wrong

NASA violated the norm that a flight had to be proven to be safe.

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CAUSAL CONTRIBUTION

• A person• Held responsible• Have made a casual contribution• Consequences• For he/she is held responsible

Both NASA Project Team & Morton Thiokol – causal contribution.

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FORESEEABILITY

• A person held responsible• Know the consequences• His/her action

• Boisjoly, the Morton Thiokol management team & the NASA rep, could all have expected the Challenger disaster erosion O-rings on low temperature.

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FREEDOM of ACTION

• One held responsible• Had a freedom of action• He/she must not have acted under compulsion.

NASA is under pressure of present McAuliffe.Morton too, further co-operation financial consequencesBoisjoly is limited.

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ACTIVE RESPONSIBILITY

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Responsibility before something has happened referring to a duty or task to care for certain state-of-affairs or persons.

AR by Mark Boven (Bovens, 1998)

• Adequate perception of threatened violation of norms.

• Consideration of the consequences.• Autonomy• Displaying conduct that is based on a verifi-

able and consistent code; and • Taking role obligations seriously.

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AR of Engineers

IDEALS, ideas or striving which are particularly motivating and inspiring for the person having them, and which aim at achieving an optimum or maximum – 2 characteristics• Motivating and inspiring 4 d person having

them.• Aim at achieving an optimum or maximum.

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PROF. IDEALS

IDEALS that are closely allied to a profession or can only be aspired to by carrying out the profession.

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TECH. ENTHUSIASM

The IDEAL of wanting to develop new techno-logical possibilities and taking up technological challenges.

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EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT

EFFECTIVENESS:The extent to which an established goal is achieved.

EFFICIENCY:The ratio between the goal achieved and the effort required.

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21

HUMAN WELFARE

That of contributing to our augmenting human welfare.

• ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineering

• ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers

JOHAN van VEEN

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SEPARATISM

SEPARATISM, the notion that scientists and engineers should apply the technical inputs, but appropriate management and political organs should make the value decisions.

TRIPARTITE MODEL. A model that maintains that engineers can only be held responsible for the design of products and not for wider social consequences or concerns. Three separate segments : Politicians; Engineers and Users (ABG).

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THE TRIPARTITE MODELVan de Poel (2001)

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POLITICIANSPRINCIPALSMANAGERS

(anticipated) customers

Designing Engineers

USERS

Once the rockets go up, Who cares where they come down. “That’s not my department, “ said Wernher von Braun

TECHNOCRACY

TECHNOCRACY, Government by Experts. Not TECHNO-CRAZY…

PATTERNALISM, the making of (moral) decisions for others on the assumption that one knows better what is good for them than those other themselves.

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WHISTLE-BLOWING

• Case Inez Austin, Boisjoly, Nazarudin.

WHISTLE-BLOWING. The disclosure of certain abuses in a company by an employee in which he or she is employed, without the consent of his/her superiors, and in order to remedy these abuses and/or to warn the public about these abuses.

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SOCIAL CONTEXT

ACTOR. Any person or group that can make a decision how to act and that can act on that decision.USERS. People who use a technology and who may formulate certain wishes or requirements for the functioning of a technology.REGULATORS. Organization who formulate rules or regulations that engineering products have to meet such as rulings concerning health and safety, but also rulings linked to relations between competitors.

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SOCIAL CONTEXT – 1

INTEREST. Things actions strive for because they are beneficial or advantageous for them.

STAKEHOLDERS. Actors that have an interest (“a stake”) in the development of a technology.

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (TA). Systematic method for exploring future technology developments and accessing their potential societal consequences.

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TECH DEV MAP of ACTORS

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TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

REGULATORS

OTHER ACTORS

USERS

DEVELOPERS & PRODUCERS

SUMMARY

• Responsibility of Engineers• Four conditions of BLAMEWORTHY:

– Wrong-Doing– Causal Contribution– Foreseeability– Freedom

• Two main ground of responsibilities:– Roles you play in Society– Moral Considerations

• Engineers have two main role responsibilities:– As Engineers– As Employees

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SUMMARY - 1

• Three professional ideals were examined:– Technological Enthusiasm– Effectiveness and Efficiency and– Human Welfare

• Three models for dealing with conflicts engineer vs employee:– Separatism– Technocracy– Whistle-Blowing

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REFERENCES

• IBO VAN DE POEL and LAMBÈR ROYAKKERS. (2011). Ethics, Technology, and Engineering: An Introduction. Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Photo Credit

• Challenger Explosion, attribution to By Kennedy Space Center [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

• Space Shuttle – Challenger to See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons• Cape Canaveral to By Soerfm (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons• Space Shuttle Challenger to By NASA (NASA Human Space Flight Gallery (image link)) [Public

domain], via Wikimedia Commons• STS 121 approach ISS to By NASA [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons• Google Earth on multiple monitors to By Runner1928 (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons• Google Earth Logo to By Google [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons• Frederick W. Taylor to By Grap [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons• Watersnoodramps 1953 to By Agency for International Development [Public domain], via

Wikimedia Commons• Northsea Floods 1953 to By Lencer [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

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C U Soon

mokhammad@misdianto.biz