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Essential Biodiversity Variables
Henrique Miguel Pereira German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig
The complexity of biodiversity change
Pereira, H.M. et al (2012) Annual Review of the
Environment and Resources.
2
The need for Essential Biodiversity Variables
• The role of EBVs – Biodiversity observation systems should be structured around
common variables: protocols, sampling schemes, etc. – Biodiversity information systems should also be structured
around common variables
• Users of the EBV’s: – Scientists will use the data for the study of global biodiversity
change – Conservation professionals would assess effectiveness of
management strategies – NGO’s would develop communication tools (e.g. indicators) – Policy-makers would be able to assess both national targets and
global targets
What is an EBV?
• An essential biodiversity variable is a quantity, based on observations and for large parts of the Earth, which is required for the long-term management of biodiversity at national to global scales and especially for the detection of change
Response variables
measured within biodiversity domain
(e.g. protected area coverage)
Response variables from other domains
Pressure variables measured within
biodiversity domain (e.g. species harvest
rates)
Pressure variables from other domains
Essential Biodiversity Variables
Primary change observations
In-situ monitoring Remote sensing
State variables
Ancillary data on slow-changing biodiversity attributes & relationships
Ecosystem-service valuation
High-level indicators of past-to-present change in biodiversity and ecosystem services
Scenario analyses of future change in biodiversity and ecosystem services
Projected drivers & pressures
Basic pre-processing & analysis
Alternative policy & management responses
How is biodiversity changing?
Why is biodiversity changing?
How effective are implemented responses?
What are the consequences for human well-being?
What is the future risk of harmful biodiversity change?
Genetic composition
Species & functional group traits
Species populations and community composition
Ecosystem extent & structure
Ecosystem function & processes
Co-ancestry
Allellic richness
Hetero-zygosity
Evolutionary distinctiveness
Alleles of a gene
Phylogenetic diversity
Gene beta
F ST Trait
frequency
Spectral reflectance over time
Phenometrics
LIDAR Radar
Hi-res imagery
Height & cover
Extent of ecosystem
Presence & abundance of
species
ES use & price Traits
Composition by species
Land use
Fragmentation
NPP
ES yield
Composition by FT
Status of ecosystems
Status of species
Disturb regime
Species richness &
equity
Species distribution
Functional types
Taxonomy
Protection success
Natural Capital
Protected area
Pereira et al 2013 Essential Biodiversity Variables for Global Earth Observation. Science 339,277-8
Primary observations
Synthesis Indices
EBVs
Observation-based indicators
What is an Essential Climatic Variable?
Technically feasible
Essential Climate Variables for Atmosphere Surface: Air temperature, Wind speed & direction, Water vapor, Pressure, Precipitation, Surface radiation. Upper-air: Temperature, Wind speed & direction, Water vapor, Cloud properties, Composition: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone & Aerosols,
Global implementation
Economically viable
FA
O-C
LIM
2 +
GH
CN
Precipitation weather stations
Temperature weather stations
Historical & current observations
Spatially explicit models of historical and current climatic conditions
Future projections under multiple scenarios
What is an Essential Climatic Variable?
676,578 km2 19 stations
1 per 50,000 km2
3,287,263 km2 3,447 stations
1 per 1,000 km2
Differences and similarities between primary observations that go into ECVs and EBVs
Spac
e
Spac
e
Time Time
California Academy of Sciences Ichthyology collections since 1866
1866 2011 1940 1900 1976
Year
Bias in biodiversity data
Characteristics of an Essential Biodiversity Variable
Is biodiversity is improving or worsening?
Magnitude
Velocity
Direction
Change Multiple spatial
scales Essential dimensions
of biodiversity
Characteristics of Essential Biodiversity Variables
1x1 km 4x4 km 16x16 km 64x64 km
Modeled species richness
Ability to detect change
Cover dimensions of biodiversity Allow aggregation and disaggregation
Characteristics of an Essential Biodiversity Variable
•Opportunities for semi or full automation using new technology •Documentation and guidelines •Data management, archive and distribution •QC&QA practices •Relevancy and satisfaction of multiple user needs •Stage of development •Existing data availability
•Feasibility and scalability •Constraints and sensitivity •Spatial coverage •Temporal sustainability and periodicity •Degree of consensus among the community •Coherence and flows of input data •Degree of abstraction in the methods and interpretation •Proof of concept availability
Pereira, H.M. et al (2013) Science
Challenges in monitoring EBVs Taxonomic gaps
What do we currently measure
Reality
Monitoring schemes for EBVs
Essential
Biodiversity
Class
Essential Biodiversity
Variable
Main design choice Metrics or taxa
groups (examples)
Species
populations
Species abundance How many taxa to
monitor?
Common versus rare
species; Species range
Species age structure
Species traits Phenology Which metrics and
how many taxa to
monitor?
Metrics are taxon-
dependent: flowering
time, migration time
Body mass Harvested vs. non-
harvested species
Community
composition
Species interactions Which metrics to
monitor?
Connectedness,
Length of trophic
chain, Interaction
strength
Taxonomic diversity Species richness,
Species diversity,
Phylogenetic diversity,
etc.
Choosing metrics for EBVs
Choosing metrics for EBVs
EBVClasses1 EBVMetrics1 AichiIndicators2 BiodiversityandES
Models
Genetic
composition
Numberofanimalsofeach
livestockbreedandfarmed
areaundereachcrop
Geneticdiversityof
domesticated
animals
-
Species
populations
Populationabundanceof
selectedspeciesorfunctional
groups
LivingPlanetIndex
PopulationViability
Analysis3;Ecosimwith
Ecopath4;Madingley5
Speciesoccupancyof
selectedspecies
RedListIndex SpeciesDistribution
Models6
Speciestraits Leafsenescenceforselected
species
- -
Community
composition
Speciesrichnessofa
community
- PREDICTS7;GLOBIO-
IMAGE8
Ecosystem
structure
Proportionofcoverofeach
habitattype
Naturalhabitat
extentGLOBIO-IMAGE8;
MiniCAM9
Ecosystem
function
NutrientRetention - InVEST10;
From monitoring schemes to indicators
EBVs and Policy
Geijzendorffer, I.R.et al. (2015) Journal of Applied Ecology
ManagementrestrictedtoGEO-BONContentprovidedby3rdlevelpageowners
Co-managedbyGEO-BONandleaddevelopersContentprovidedby3rdlevelpageownersCommentsprovidedbyallcontributors
Management&contentrestrictedtopageownersCommentsprovidedbyall
contributors
Inform
aonflow
1stlevel:EBVshigh-levelindicators
2ndlevel:EBVClasses
3rdlevel:IndividualEBVs
2ndphase
2ndphase
1stphase
EBVsdevelopmentandwebsitehierarchicalorganiza on
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