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Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF SELECTED MEDICAL PLANTS
USED IN CHILDREN OF MABILONG AND BOTBOT TRIBE IN
KALINGA, PHILIPPINES
Mangali, Glen R.*1, Evangelista, Luisito
2, Bawer, Maria Cyrila C.
3
1Professor, College of Liberal Arts and Science, Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Intramuros
Manila.
2Curator, The National Museum of the Philippines.
3Professor, Kalinga State University, Tabuk City, Kalinga.
ABSTRACT
Plants have impacted the lives of humans both in food and medicine.
Various ethnic groups practice indigenous knowledge to cure illness
and prolong the lives of human in Kalinga Tribe. Although traditional
medicine is the primary health care in Kalinga, little work has been
done to promote and document the Indigenous Knowledge of
medicinal plants of different tribes living in this area. The study was
conducted to have an ethnobotanical survey of selected of medical
plants used in curing diseases in children of Kalinga Tribe.
Ethnobotanical data on traditional medicines were collected. Guided
field work, interview, focus group discussion and field observation
were used to verify and crosscheck captured information. Qualitative and quantitative
ethnobotanical methods were used to analyze the data. A total of 12 plants were reported to
have medicinal uses from the study area. The study accounted the presence of medicinal
plants rooted in their traditional and indigenous knowledge. It supported the occurrences of
plant-based medicinal transferred through generations.
KEYWORDS: Ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants, Kalinga Tribe, Indigenous
Knowledge.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 10, Issue 3, 123-135 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Mangali, Glen R.
Professor, College of Liberal
Arts and Science, Colegio de
San Juan de Letran,
Intramuros Manila.
Article Received on
02 Jan. 2021,
Revised on 23 Jan. 2021,
Accepted on 12 Feb. 2021
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20213-15581
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Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
INTRODUCTION
Plants provide food and supply natural medicine to humans (Anheyer et al., 2017; Boadu &
Asase, 2017).
The medicinal uses of plants have been studied even before the start of civilization (Lim,
2016; Rasool Hassan, 2012a). The use of herbal medicines are proven to treat various disease
such as hypertension and infectious diseases (Agrawal, Nandini, Sharma, & Chauhan, 2010).
In fact, plants usage are not only evident in treating diseases. It can help leverage the
economy by producing medicines in treating diseases (Mathur, 2018; Sarkar & Devi, 2017;
Zeng & Ren, 2012).
Studies show that majority of people living in developing countries are still dependent in
traditional medicine like herbal plants (Wondimu, Asfaw, & Kelbessa, 2007; Yuan, Ma, Ye,
& Piao, 2016). The established facts on medicinal uses of plants became the foundation for
ethnobotanical studies. For this reason, plants are identified as primary source of natural
products in curing diseases (Jamshidi-Kia, Lorigooini, & Amini-Khoei, 2018; Rakotoarivelo
et al., 2015).
Therapeutic plants, vegetables and organic products contain normal compound or
phytochemical constituents that work with supplements and filaments to act against
infections or all the more explicitly to secure against illnesses (Chen, Vigneault, Vijaya
Raghavan, and Kubow, 2007; Oz and Kafkas, 2017). One technique to show the presence of
essential and optional constituents is through phytochemical screening that uncovers essential
and auxiliary constituents. Essential constituents may incorporate amino corrosive, sugars,
protein and chlorophyll. While optional constituents then again, allude to the presence of
alkaloid, fundamental oils and flavonoids (Edriss, Alabjar, and Satti, 2012; Kumar and
Pradeep, 2011). Phytochemical constituents are referred to be important as antibacterial,
cancer prevention agent, anticonstipative, hostile to contagious, insecticidal and other organic
uses (Edriss et al., 2012; Kumar and Pradeep, 2011). It has been upheld that agricultural
nations rely vigorously upon natural medications because of the restricted medical care
uphold, needs present day medical services, expanding development of destitution and mass
populace (O'Donnell, 2007; Peters et al., 2008). Truth be told, native people groups in
agricultural nations depend on home grown medication for drug uphold (Alade, Okpako,
Ajibesin, and Omobuwajo, 2016; Karunamoorthi, Jegajeevanram, Vijayalakshmi, and
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Mengistie, 2013; Tantengco, Condes, Estadilla, and Ragragio, 2018; Van Andel and
Carvalheiro, 2013).
The Philippines is a developing and tropical country that houses abundant medicinal plants.
Due to the accessibility of medicinal plants in this country, it allows people to produce
various kinds of medicines taken from plants. The effectivity of the medicinal plants lies on
the phytochemical constituents present in it (Karami, Javid, & Haghirosadat, 2017). The
study on the uses of indigenous knowledge about plants is known as ethnobotany. The
medicinal uses of plants and the human health care to prevent illness have been the practice
and by many Indigenous People (IP; IPs Indigenous Peoples, plural form) until today
(Farnsworth, 1993). The medicinal uses of plants are not only effective to IPs but a way to
preserve their culture and tradition in conserving biodiversity of their place.
The Philippines having in excess of 175 different nationality and dialects demonstrates its
ethnolinguistic nature of the country. It houses 100 ethnic groups including Kalinga tribe.
The Kalinga tribe is arranged in Kalinga-Apayao in the Island of Luzon, Philippines. It is
separated into two areas: Kalinga and Apayao. The territory is situated in the northernmost
segment of the Cordillera Region limited by the region of Cagayan and Apayao, Mt. Area
and Abra. Kalinga has a sharp-peaked mountain tops, steep inclines and detached level, level
and valleys. The eastern segment covered Cagayan and Isabela are by and large has as slant
and level land along its fundamental stream which establish to the potential the travel
industry especially cascades, underground aquifers, rice porches and underground waterways
(Department of Tourism, 2012).
The region is made up of seven regions and one city (Cordillera Almanac,1999;Department
of Tourism, 2012). Kalinga enlisted an absolute populace of 201,613 and a development pace
of 1.95 from 1990 to 2010 ( NSO, 2010). The region has a land territory of 3, 164.3 square
kilometers possessing 17% of the place where there is the Cordillera Administrative Region.
The 85.96% of the land territory of Kalinga was pronounced as natural and dispensable or
public land under the Revised Forestry Code leaving just 14.04% as alienable expendable.
The topographical construction of the land make it difficult to reach for individuals to get to
medical services.
There are 31 subtribes in Kalinga that are grouped into eight municipalities. Every one of
these subtribes can be distinguished, mainly from their lingo which has dissimilarities in
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Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
phrasing, articulation and most particularly in the phonetic letters and the fricative and
voiceless articulation of their discourse. Among the subtribes, the Mabilong clan of
Lubuangan and Botbot clan of Tingalyan was the engaged of this investigation.
Albeit therapeutic plants are the essential wellspring of medication in Kalinga, little work has
been done to record the Indigenous Knowledge of restorative plants here. This study serves
as a guide for the development and utilization of different plant species in Kalinga. The
investigation directed an ethnobotanical overview and recognize phytochemical constituents
of selected clinical plants utilized in relieving sicknesses in children of Kalinga Tribe.
Explicitly it tried to respond to the accompanying inquiries: 1. what are the different
medicinal plants used in curing diseases in children of Kalinga Tribe?; and 2. which plant has
the highest and lowest cultural importance (CI) and Informant Concensus Factor (ICF)?
The study covered quantitative and qualitative analysis. The ethnobotanical survey of
medicinal plants used in children of Kalinga covered the quantitative analysis. The interview
and focus group discussion covered the qualitative section of the analysis. The study was
intended to explore the common indigenous knowledge related to medicinal plants of selected
plant species used by selected Kalinga tribes. The study can help anthropologist and
ethnobotanist in adding information on medicinal uses of plants. This study will help
government officials to conserve the rapidly disappearing traditional knowledge of Kalinga
tribe.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
This section presents the materials and method used by the researchers.
Study Area and Sampling Design
Fig. 1: Location Map of the Study.
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The study was conducted in Kalinga Province, particular in Lubuaga and Tingalayan. The
population for the study consisted of the mothers’ ages from 30-80 years old who naturally
born and native in both areas of study. The study intends to explore the significance of
medicinal plants that mother used to treat diseases on infants and children. The study was
participated by 50 participants (mothers); 25 mothers from each tribe. However, using the
qualification criteria in selecting participants, only 35 mothers were considered native in the
area. Hence, a total of 35 participants were considered as reliable and valid informants of the
study.
The location of the study was purposively chosen due to the limited ethnobotanical study
conducted from the said municipalities because of its terrain land form. The data were
collected with the help of the Mr. Cirilo “Sapi” A. Bawer (Chieftain of the tribe) and tribe
experts to check the reliability and validity of the responses in the interview and survey
conducted. Focus group discussion and field observation were arranged to gain information
about the uses of plants. The interpreters assisted the researchers in asking the questions and
getting the needed data related to the study to avoid miscommunication.
Ethnobotanical Data Collection
The plant samples were collected with the presence of the Cheiftain, Dr. Bawer and
informants for ethical reasons. Pictures of the plants were taken with the consent from the
informants. Plants were pressed to preserve the plant for proper identification. The use of
GPS and digital photo were used to capture important plant details. A structured and semi-
structured questionnaire was used in the interview.
Calculations for Cultural Importance and Informant Concensus Factor
The researchers computed the cultural importance index to identity the species that is
commonly used as medicinal plants in the tribe. It was calculated using the following
formula: CI=UR/N; UR (Use Report) = recorded use for every species; N= the total number
of informants participating in the research (refer to table 1). According to Heinrich , Ankli,
Weimann (1998), they mention that this formula is good means of assessing the agreements
of informants is based on the common ailments categories. In this analysis, the consensus
report of a species for treating a particular disease is seen with the report in treating any given
disease in the tribe (Kassa, 2009; Friedman, Yaniv, Dalewitch, 1986). It means that this
formula can be used to test the consensus of the tribe in curing diseases categories where
plant was claimed to be effective.
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The informant concensus factor (ICF) was considered to identify the most trusted plants in
healing diseases and verify the CI indices following Heinrich's approach using this formula:
Legend:
NUC = number of use citation (report) in disease category
NS = number of species used for each citations (report)
Fidelity level/Species Concensus
Fidelity level/Species consensus has also been employed to rate the comparative curative
capacity of reported traditional medicinal plants (TMP); and it was calculated by applying the
formula:
FL = (Sf/Tf) x 100
Legend:
Sf - refers to frequency of citations for a specific ailment
Tf - refers to total number of citations of that species.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section presented the result and discussion of the study. The current research work was
based on the indigenous knowledge of most frequently used medicinal plants of Kalinga
Tribe. A total of 12 plants were reported from the study area. During the conduct of the study,
local informants were interviewed too. Ethnomedicinal uses and data about management of
various ailments were collected from structure and semi-structure interview.
Table 1 shows the common medicinal plants used by mothers in infant and children in
Kalinga Tribe. It shows that majority of the parts of the plants being used in curing diseases
in children were leaves as seen in figure 1. Studies show that tribe members have good
knowledge on medical uses in various countries and ethnicity (Ayele, 2018; Of, Plants, To,
Diseases, & Seka, 2005; Rasool Hassan, 2012b). The result of the study is supported by
another study in Ethiopia that 80% of different ethnic groups rely on traditional medicine to
cure diseases even in treating cancer (Ayele, 2018). Among the parts of the plants that
contain medicinal uses are found in leaves (Ayele, 2018; Of et al., 2005; Subramanian &
Dhamotharan, 2016; Swaroopanand et al., 2015). The result shows that majority of the plants
used in Kalinga tribe are abundant in their nature as seen in figure 2. It means that there are
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Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
plants that are found in their community only. Although plant abundance is present in
Kalinga, still, half a million plants have not yet investigated whether they have medicinal
implication (Rasool Hassan, 2012b).
Herbs are common plant forms that are used as medicinal plants (Figure 3). These herbs serve
as common ingredients in their local dishes too. The percentage distribution of different plant
part(s) used as medicine in children in figure 1. Based on the graph, 54% of the informants
used leaves in curing diseases in children, followed by stems and leaves combination (23%),
stem (15%) and roots (8%).
Figure 1: Plants part(s) used as medicine in children.
Table 1: Ethnobotanical Survey of Medical Plant used in Infant and Children of
Kalinga Tribe.
Scientific Name Local
Name
Part
Used
Abundance
(Rare/
Abundant/
Common)
Status
(Wild/
Cultivated)
Plant form
(Tree/Herb
Shrub/Grass
Climber)
Plant
Preparation
Medicinal
Importance
Coleus aromaticus
Benth.
Oregano Leaves Common Wild Herb Steaming Cough
Curcura longa Linn Luyang
Dilaw
Roots Common Wild Herb Infusion of the roots Cough
Vitex negundo Lagundi Leaves Abundant Cultivated Shrub Boiling of the leaves
Decoction
Cough; Flu
Psidium guajava Bayabas Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Boiling of the leaves Diarrhea;
Fever; UTI;
Skin disease
Citrofortunella
microcarpa.
Kalamansi Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Boiling of Leaves
Synedrella nodiflora
(l.) G. Don
Poke Leaves Abundant Cultivated Herb Direct heating of the
leaves
Burns
Hyptis capitates
Jacq.
Kulig Stem Abundant Cultivated Herb Infusion; Decoction Stomach
pain;
Diarrhea
54%
8%
15%
23%
38%
Leaves Roots Stem Stem and Leaves
Common 37%
Abundant 63%
Figure 2. Plants part(s) used as medicine in children
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Mangali et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Blumea sp. Lappaka Leaves Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction Stomach
pain;
Diarrhea
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (L.)
Vahl
Chimpeleg Stem Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction; Direct
Application
Wound
Crossocephalum
crepidiodos (Benth)
S. Moore
Bebetak Leaves;
Stem
Abundant Cultivated Herb Decoction Iodine
Supplement
Anonan muricata L. Guyabano Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Decoction; Boiling
of the leaves
UTI
Persea americana Avocado Leaves Common Cultivated Tree Decoction Cough
59%
8%
33%
Herb Shrub Tree
Figure 3: Plant Form.
Figure 2 showed percentage abundance of the different medicinal plants in their area. Based
on the participants, 63% of medicinal plants used are abundant and 37% are common but
needs to be cultivated in their place. Although these plants are common in their community,
members of Kalinga tribe need to cultivate because some plants do not produce often
compare to other plants. Figure 3 showed the different plant form of medicinal plant used by
the tribes. Based on the graph, 59% of the medicinal plant used are herb, followed by trees
(33%) and shrub (8%).
In order to established the importance of each plant in the community. The researchers
computed for the Cultural Importance (CI) and Informant Concensus Factor (ICF) values.
These values are guides in order to identify the effectiveness of the medicinal plants. In this
way, the researchers can tell the level of prevalence of diseases in Kalinga Tribe. Based on
the ICF Kulig, Poke and Lagundi obtained the highest values of 1.000, 0.909 and 0.781
respectively. Hence, it is known to be the most prevalent medicinal plant in the tribe which
can be used in curing diseases in children.
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Table 2: ICF and CI values of Medicinal Plant.
Scientific Name ICF CI (CI=UR/N)
Coleus aromaticus Benth. 0.588 0.514
Curcura longa Linn 0.500 0.086
Vitex negundo 0.781 0.943
Psidium guajava 0.364 0.343
Citrofortunella microcarpa. 0.000 0.171
Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don 0.909 0.343
Hyptis capitates Jacq. 1.000 0.143
Blumea sp. 0.500 0.143
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 0.500 0.143
Crossocephalum crepidiodos (Benth) S. Moore 0.500 0.143
Anonan muricata L. 0.600 0.171
Persea americana 0.000 0.086
Scientific Name Tf Sf FL Value %
Coleus aromaticus Benth. 18 8 44
Curcura longa Linn 3 2 67
Vitex negundo 33 8 24
Psidium guajava 12 8 67
Citrofortunella microcarpa. 6 6 100
Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don 12 2 17
Hyptis capitates Jacq. 5 1 20
Blumea sp. 5 3 60
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 5 3 60
Crossocephalum crepidiodos (Benth) S. Moore 5 3 60
Anonan muricata L. 6 3 50
Persea americana 3 3 100
The fidelity level/species consensus was also measured. In this way, comparative curative
capacity can be reported as IPs used in curing children. Based on table 2, Citrofortunella
microcarpa, and Persea Americana obtained 100 % fidelity level which means that these are
common plants used to cured specific diseases in children. The 100% fidelity level indicates
that these plants are used by the informant always whenever they children experienced a
particular disease. On the other hand, Synedrella nodiflora (l.) G. Don (17%), Vitex
negundo(24%) and Coleus aromaticus Benth (44%) obtained the lowest fidelity level. The
lowest percentage of these plants indicate that although these plants are effective in curing
diseases, IPs have other alternative plant options use in curing diseases in children. FL is an
important means to see for which ailment a particular species has more healing power and
accordingly those species with high FL are supposed to be more curative for the respective
ailments.
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CONCLUSION
The study reported the existence of a number of medicinal plants, an indication for the
presence of plant-based traditional medicinal knowledge transfer that survived through
generations. A total of 16 plants are reported from the study area. The informants used leaves
in curing diseases in children, followed by stems and leaves combination (23%), stem (15%)
and roots (8%). Based on the study, 63% of medicinal plants used are abundant and 37% are
common but needs to be cultivated in their place and 59% of the medicinal plant used are
herb, followed by trees (33%) and shrub (8%). In terms of fidelity level, Citrofortunella
microcarpa, Kutchay, and Persea Americana obtained 100 % fidelity level which means that
these plants are common plants used to cured specific diseases in children. However, in terms
of Informant Concensus Factor (ICF), Kulig, Poke and Lagundi obtained the highest values
of 1.000, 0.909 and 0.781 respectively. Hence, it is known to be the most prevalent medicinal
plant in the tribe which can be used in curing diseases in children. The identified plants show
medicinal potentialities in curing diseases. This implied that these plants need protection to
help IPs resolves health concerns. The identified plants can help botanist and ethnobotanist
explore the importance of these plants in other tribes as well and explore the phytochemical
constituents in producing medicinal drugs from natural products. This study calls for
collaboration to government officials and agencies to intensify the policy or implemented
policies in protecting these plants in their communities. In this way, plants used by IPs will
not only be protected but protect their culture, practices and generation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to thank the local people of Tinglayan and Lubuagan Tribes for
their generosity and kind response to inquiries information on the medicinal plants of the
area. Specifically, the researchers would like to extend our deepest thanks to the following
people Mr. Cirilo “Sapi” A. Bawer (Chieftain), Sherr Ann B. Dawagan and Divina C. Tallog
for helping us interpret the questions and answers of the informant.
Deepest thanks are extended to the Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity
Management of the National Museum for identifying the plants as well as their kind response
and cooperation in all inquiries during the study period. The technical personnel of the
National Herbarium are also acknowledged for their help in the identification of the
specimens.
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