europe 3 industrial revolution 97
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The IndustrialRevolution, 1700-1900
Europe 3
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Pre Industrial Society
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Traditional orPre-Industrial Society
I. Farming in the Middle Ages
A. Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)
B. One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility
II. Disadvantages
A. Land use inefficient
B. Farmers did not experiment with new farming methods
III. Forces for Change
A. Population growing more food needed
B. French Blockade- no corn meant more food was needed
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AgriculturalRevolution
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The Agricultural RevolutionI. Enclosure movement
A. Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures andexperimented with new farming technology
B. Villages lost common lands and political power
II. Crop Rotation
A. Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop replenished byplanting different crops
B. Fields not left inefficiently fallow
III. Other Discoveries
A. Seed drill planted seeds efficientlyB. New crops: corn and potato
IV. Results of Agricultural Revolution
A. More food available
B. Population increased
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Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
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Cottage industry and Early Capitalism
I. Mercantilism and Rising DemandA. Economic Theory-: export more than you import, must limit trade to keep country
self-sufficient
B. Drawbacks: expansion of the economy is limited, consumers choices are limited
II. Merchants Role in Cottage Industry
A. Supplied materials wool and cotton- to cottages to be spun and carded
B. Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage to sell
finished cloth
C. Merchants sell product for more than material and labor costs= profit+ larger
investment= higher profit
III. Capitalism
A. An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit
B. Cottage industry is form of early capitalism
C. Laissez faire economics- the market should be governed by supply and demand
IV. Effects of the Cottage Industry
A. Big profits for merchants
B. Alternative source of income for peasants
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The Textile Industry and Factory System
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The Textile Industry and Factory System
I. Textile Industry Invented
A. Cottage industry couldnt keep up with demand for textiles
B. Spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule improved spinning
C. Power loom sped up weaving
D. Cotton Gin separated seeds from cotton
II. Rise of the Factory
A. New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
B. Factories located near power source, coal, iron, water
C. Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand-produceditems
III. Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
A. Textile industry increased
B. Many villagers forced to leave home and find work in factories incities
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Steam Engine: Energy for the Revolution
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Steam Engine: Energy for the
Industrial RevolutionI. The need for Energy
A. Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills
B. Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need forpower
II. How the Steam Engine Works
A. Steam forced from high to lower pressure produces power
III. Effect of Steam Engine
A. Steam power, used where ever coal was produced, increasedtextile production
B. Improved mining which increased metals which in turnfueled other industries
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Iron and Coal: Energy for Revolution
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Iron and Coal: Energy for the
Industrial Revolution
I. The need for Iron
A. Farming tools, new factory machines, railways
B. Steel Bessemer Process- Smelting makes iron more pure,
but requires carbon
II. The need for Coal
A. Sources of carbon (charcoal and timber) necessary forsmelting iron become scarce
B. Steam engines developed were powered by coalIII. Effect of Iron and Coal
A. Britain produced more iron than all other countries of theworld combined
B. Coal powered the enormous British Navy
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Transportation
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Transportation
I. The Need for Better Transportation
A. Increased production increased the need to transport goods quickly and
cheaply
B. Pre-industrial society used horses, mules, and dirt roads
II. InventionsA. Stone and eventually asphalt roads
B. Canals
C. Railroad era and the Rocketin 1829
III. Effects of RailroadsA. Expanded rapidly throughout Britain
B. Cheaper transportation increased production and profits
C. Fueled other industries: coal, steam engines, iron, steel, and many
manufactured products
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Why Britain?
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Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
I. GeographyA. Climate good for textile production
B. Plenty of natural resources such as iron and coal
C. Separation from Europe kept them out of small wars
II. Government
A. Internal trade encouraged
B. Population was allowed to relocate
C. Helped build canals and roads
III. Social Factors
A. British society less rigid than other European Countries
IV. Colonial Empire
A. Supplies raw materials for manufactured goodsB. Provided markets for goods
V. Advantages of Industrializing First
A. No other countries competing to produce and sell manufactured goods
B. Monopoly on technology
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