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INSTITUT FÜRNACHRICHTENVERMITTLUNG
UND DATENVERARBEITUNGProf. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h. c. mult. P. J. Kühn
Universität Stuttgart
Evoluation of Network Technologiesand its Impact on Traffic Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h. c. mult. Paul J. KühnInstitute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering (IKR)
University of Stuttgart&
International Advisory Council (IAC)International Teletraffic Congress (ITC)
kuehn@ikr.uni-stuttgart.dePhone: +49-711-6858027, Fax: +49-711-6857983
ITU/ITC Regional Seminar on Network Evoluation to Next Generation Networksand Fixed Mobile Convergence for CEE, CIS and Baltic States
Moscow, April 27-30, 2004
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
1 Network Developments
2 Service Developments
3 Quality of Service
4 Conclusion: General Observations and Research Areas
Outline
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
1 Network Developments
- Telecommunication Networks
- Computer Communication Networks
- Technological Developments
Outline
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
• 1200 Million Subscribers (Fixed Network) Annual Growth 10%
• 1400 Million Subscribers (Mobile Networks) Annual Growth 50%
• Intelligent Network Services (IN)
Telecommunication Networks
SCP
SwitchingNode HLR/VLR
MSC
BS
Mobile Network
Telefax
Telephon
Fixed Network
MobileStations
SDP
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Computer Communication Networks
• Probably more than 100 000 Subnetworksand more than 700 Million Users
• Services: Electronic Mail, Database Access,File Transfer, Internet Telephony,Multimedia Communication, World Wide Web,Peer-to-Peer
WS
Server
POP
Intranet
PC
Internet
R
TelephoneNetwork
R R
R
R
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Development of User Numbers
Source: ITU News 2/2002
500
1000
1500
1995 2000 2005
Mobile Users
Fixed Telephone
Internet Users
Network
1990
0
Mill
ion
Use
rs
Subscribers
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Technological Developments
OCC
Fibre Optic ChannelsPhotonicSwitch
ATM
MSC
BS
Mobile
ADM
GY
Acc
ess
Net
wo
rks
Ph
oto
nic
Co
re N
etw
ork
sB
ackb
on
e
GroundStation
Low Earth OrbitSatellites
Mobiles
Fixed
NG Internet
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
1 Network Developments
- Telecommunication Networks
- Computer Communication Networks
- Technological Developments
2 Service Developments- Service Categories
- Service and Technology Convergence
- Application Scenarios
Outline
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Service Categories
Telecommunication
Information
World Wide Web
Business Applications
Entertainment
Data Communication
TelephonieTelefax
Multimedia-MailVideoconference
E-Mail Telecooperation
Home Working
Tele-EducationElectronic Newspaper
Stored Multimedia
Data Base Access
Video-on-Demand
AdvancedPay-per-view
DistributedVideo Games
Tele-XYZ
e-Business
Portals
Computer
Remote Login
Focused
Communication
Access
Advertizing
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Development Scenario
IP
E-mail File Transfer Web
Audio
Multimedia
E-Commerce
Games
VoIP Video
ISDN ATM GSM
B-ISDN UMTS
LAN MAN WLAN FR
SDH WDM FTTX HFC PC
Serv
ices
Tran
spo
rt
Tech
no
log
ies
Service and Technology Convergence
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Application Scenario
HLR/VLR
MSC
BSS
SmartCard
PDA +MobilePhone
Railway Customer
SmartCard
PDA
Trust CenterBank Railway
Booking
(4)(3)
(2)
(1)
(5)
Conductor
ICE
Centre
Electronic Ticket
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Application Scenario
Navigation Support
Fixed NetworkRadio
AccessNetwork 1
MT
MT
Sensor
Satellite
Congestion
...
ahead
FederationServer
Data BaseSystems
RadioAccess
Network 2
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
1 Network Developments
- Telecommunication Networks
- Computer Communication Networks
- Technological Developments
2 Service Developments- Service Categories
- Service and Technology Convergence
- Application Scenarios
3 Quality of Service (QoS)- Definition of QoS
- Traditional Solutions
- Challenges for New Services
Outline
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
QoS: Entirety of all features characterizing the perceptionof a service (application) at the user level("user perceivable criteria")
Features: Delay (average, peak, distribution, percentile, ...) ofinformation
Loss (average, peak) of information or of a connection
Resolution, audibility, ... of information content
Reliability, dependability, availability, accountability,security of service
QuantifyableQoS (Q2S): Measurable value ("Metric") in the widest sense
Quality-of-Service (QoS) Definition
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Examples
Factor Reason
• Source Traffic Coding Scheme, Human Factors
• Network Resources Capacity Limits, Network Planning
• Operational Strategies Resource Management
• Network Management Fault Detection, Resilience
Factors Influencing QoS
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Multi-Level Source Model for IP-Applications
Start StopSession
TCP
Flow
Packet/Cell
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Example: Network File System (NFS)
LocalFileSystem
Application
Data Base System
NFSClient
Client
LocalFileSystem
Data Base System
NFSClient
Server
Request sent to Server Port
Response sent to Client Port
Client-Server Communication
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
HTTP Application
User WWWBrowser
DNSServer
WWWServer
URL DNS Lookup
Response
TCP Connection Setup
GET/Fakultaet/Welcome.html
HTML PagePresentation of
TCP Connection Release
HTML Page
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Internet Routing
RIPBGP
BGP
RIP
OSPF
Domain 2(RIP)
Domain 1(RIP)
Domain 3(OSPF)
Domain Router
Edge RouterRouting Information ProtocolOpen Shortest Path FirstBorder Gateway Protocol
RIPOSPFBGP
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Example 1: Telecommunication Services
Traditional Solutions
Traditional Solution is not feasible for many new applications due to:
• Variable bitrate sources (burst traffic)
• Overhead for connection management (delay, state management, ...)
• Integration of many services with quite different characteristics
• Inflexibility with respect to adaptation to application requirements
• Cost
Connection: Reservation of Bandwidth
Admission Control Circuit Switching
A BNetwork
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Example 2: Internet
Traditional Solutions
"Best Effort Service": No admission controlNo resource reservationUnpredictable delays and losses
BES is not feasible for many new applications due to:
• No guarantees on QoS
Network
ClientServer
Datagramrouting
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Traffic Classes in the IntServ-Model• Guaranteed Service (similar to CBR and rt-VBR)
• Controlled Load Service (similar to nrt-VBR)
• Best Effort Service (similar to UBR)
Use of RSVP
Traffic Classes in the DiffServ-Model• Expedited Forwarding (Premium Service)
• Assured Forwarding with different Priorities
Hop-by-Hop Control
QoS Management in the Internet
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Flow Description by
Flow Specifications (FlowSpec)Service ClassReserve Specification (RSpec)Traffic Specification (TSpec)
Filter Specification (FilterSpec)
IntServ-Model
Soft-State Soft-State Periodic Updatesof Soft-StateReservations
Router DestinationSource Router
PATH MessagesRESV Messages
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Negotiation of max. Bitrate between User and ISP for Aggregated Traffic VolumesClassification of Traffic Class by Access Routers
Premium Service: Separate Queues and Prioritized Transport providevirtual leased Line ServicePolicing Function by Border Router
Assured Service: Use of Priority to provide QoS for short BurstsPolicing Function and Packet Dropping by Border RouterAppropriate Dimensioning of Transmission Resources by ISP
Per Hop Behaviour (PHB) Routing, Marking of IP Packets within DS-Field
DiffServ Model
BorderRouter
AccessRouter
BorderRouter
AccessRouter
BackboneInternet of ISP
SubnetworkA
SubnetworkA
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Tag Switching
R
S
EdgeRouter
Tag Distribution
EdgeRouter
R
S
Packet Flow
• Detection of flows
• Assignment of flow labels
• Fast switching along pathes State-based switching
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Peer-to-Peer File SharingServer + Client
(Servent)
OverlayNetwork
UnderlyingunreliableInternet(TCP/IP)
AutonomousSystem
Autonomous
Autonomous
System
System
Request
(Query)
QueryHits
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
• Tremendous increase in bandwidth demand in mobile and fixed net-works for new applicationsAhead: Japan and Rep. of Korea (70/60 % mobile Internet users;
US/Europe < 10%)Asia-Pacific Region leading in broadband penetration
• Rapid decrease of internat. bandw. pricing from 111 TUSD (1998) to10 TUSD (2002) for US-Japan 1Mbps link per year
• NG Internet Technology and broadband access
• Fast routing algorithms
• Convergence of Internet and Mobility
• Adaptive traffic control (e.g., for Peer-to-Peer applications)
• Negotiable QoS Levels and QoS guarantees
• Accounting and charging for highly variable bitrate services
• Ubiquitous computing and ad hoc communication networks
• Adaptation of source coding and network traffic control
• QoS across multiple layers and heterogeneous network technologies
Challenges of NG Internet with Respect to QOS
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Research Topics - Communication & Security
Architectures & Protocols
• Unified Communication based on IPv6
• Communication across different Networks
• Mobility Management based on Mobile IP Concepts
• Dynamic Address Management
• Horizontal and Vertical Handover
• Integration of Ad Hoc Networks (infrastructureless)
• Middleware ConceptsAbstraction from Underlying Network Infrastructures
• Design & Implementation
• Standardization
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Research Topics - Communication & Security
Mobility
• Modelling of Mobility of Users and Data
• Modelling of (Communication) Traffic-spatial and temporal
• Disconnected Operation (information Caching and Fuelling)
• Predictive Information Provision (Hoarding)
• Simulation Methods for Mobility
• Performance
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Research Topics - Security & Privacy
Example
• Tracking of Location May Cause Severe Privacy Problems
• Similar Problems Arise from Recording of User Activities
BC
HLR/VLR
MSC
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
Research Topics - Security & Privacy
• Protection Against Concatenation betweenLocation Data and User Identity
• Methods:
- Pseudonymization
- Authentication
- Multilateral Security concepts:Negotiation of Protection Aims and Strengths
- Accountability and Non-Repudiation
- Integrity
• Security Protocol Design
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
• Change of Paradigms in the Communication Sector
- heterogeneous network technologies, broad spectrum of applications
- trend directs to IP-based network and transport protocols
- technology push and market pull
• Success Factors
- time to market
- open platforms
- user acceptance
• Design Processes
- limited development periods
- specialization and limitation to core competences ("make or buy?")
- design automation, design platforms and tools
• Standardization and Quality
- proprietary solutions vs. open platforms
- need for standardization
- product quality and quality of service
Conclusion (1): General Observations
Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart
• Integration of the various Network Technologies- fixed, mobile and ad hoc networks
- internet and photonic technologies
- support of autoconfiguration and manageability
• Platforms- advanced middleware concepts
- service creation support
- application programming interfaces
• New Application Paradigms- location and context based services
- nomadic communications and ubiquitious computing
- overlay networks
• New Business Models- micropayment
- quality of service
- scalable security
Conclusion (2): Research Areas
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