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1
EXCESS HEAT IN ELECTROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS AT ENERGETICS TECHNOLOGIES
I. Dardik, T. Zilov, H. Branover, A. El-Boher, E. Greenspan, B. Khachatorov, V. Krakov, S. Lesin, and M. Tsirlin
Energetics Technologies Ltd.
Omer, Israellesin@energetics.co.il
Presented at the11th International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF-11
Marseilles, FranceNovember 1 - 6, 2004
2
CONTENTS
1. Presentation objective
2. SuperWaves© used for driving the cell3. Review of glow discharge experiments
4. Description of ET electrolytic cells5. Pd Cathode and its pretreatment
6. Excess heat obtained7. Excess tritium
8. Material analysis
3
PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES
1. Review of SuperWave© principles2. Review of Glow Discharge Experiments3. Description of 3 ET electrolytic cell experiments
that resulted in significant excess heat generation:
Experiment # 56 64a 64b
Cycle ? 4 1 2Loading time (s) 80 5 16Excess heat (EH) (%) 80 2500 1500Duration of EH (h) 300 17 80Excess energy (EE) (MJ) 3.1 1.1 4.6Specific* EH (W/g Pd) 11 71 62Specific* EE (KeV/Pd atom) 13.5 4.8 20 (24.8)
* - pertaining to effective part of cathode ( 6 x 0.7 cm )
5
OperatorParameters
set up
Superwave form signal generation using LabView software
Current amplifierExperimental
system
Low current
EC are driving by SuperWaves
7
))](sinA1)((sinAt)[1(sin)(F 22
212
102
02 ttAt ωωω ++=
)))](sinA1)((sinA1)((sinAt)[1(sin)(F 32
322
212
102
03 tttAt ωωωω +++=
8
Glow Discharge Cell
Cooling Water Output
Cooling Water Input
+
Ground
Tungsten Wire
Palladium Layer
D+ Plasma
100 mm
20 mm
StainlessSteel Body
Conceptual Design
10
ETG-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time,h
En
erg
y,k
J
Ein Eout Ex ( Excess Energy = Eout - Ein )
Experimental Results with thin Palladium film (about 1 µm) on Stainless Steel Body
ETG-1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time, h
Pow
er, W
Pin Pout
DC
WavesWaves
Shut Down
Maximum Excess Power = 3.7 x Input Power
Total Excess Energy = 6.7 x Input Energy
11
Experimental Results with thick Palladium foil (100 µm)
ETG-2
-20
020
40
6080
100120140
160
180200220
240260
280
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
Time,h
En
erg
y,k
J
Ein Eout Ex(Excess Energy=Eout-Ein)
ETG-2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
Time,hP
ow
er,
W
Pin Pout
Maximum Excess Power = 0.8 x Input Power
Total Excess Energy = 0.8 x Input Energy
12
Glow Discharge Experiment Cell ETG-2-18
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Time, h
Po
wer
, W
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
CO
PE
, %
Pin Pout COPE=(Pout-Pin):Pin x 100%
Excess Heat Generation during 20 days
13
Energy Production from Cell ETG-2-18
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Time,h
En
erg
y, k
J
Ein Eout Eex
Excess Energy during 20 days
14
Energy Output after shutting down of GD Cell ETG-3-22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 2 4 6 8Time, hr
E, k
J“Heat After Death”
Thermal Energy Stored in GD Cell SS body (m*cp*? T)
Eout
15
A AC
T4
T5
Teflon
AluminaAluminum
Recombiner
Electrolyte
ET Electrolytic Cell
EC is inside a Teflon beaker that is placed inside an isoperibolic calorimeter
0.1M LiOD in low tritium content D2O (230 ml)
16
Electrolytic Cell
Three cells are immersed in a constant temperature water bath of +2.50C ± 0.250C
17
Cathode & Pre-treatment
• 50 µm Pd foil, prepared by
Dr. Vittorio Violante (ENEA Frascatti, Italy)
• Annealed at 870oC in vacuum for 1h
• Etched:
- in Nitric Acid 65-67%; 1 min
- in Aqua Regia 1:1 water solution; 1 min
• Rinsed:
- D2O four times
- Ethanol 95% twice
- Ethanol Absolute once
• Dried:
in vacuum at ambient temperature for 24 h
60 m
m
7 mm
18
05
1015202530354045505560657075
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Delta T
Pow
er
Typical Calibration Curve for Electrolytic Cell Calorimeter
19
Block diagramPC
Analyzing, displaying, printout
LCR
Amplifier Temperatures (5)Current,Voltage
Cathode resistance
Wave form
Current Superwave
Cell
Water bath
Temperature
Data Logger
Measured Parameters:
- Input Current
- Input Voltage
- Wall Temperatures
T4 and T5
- Resistance of cathode for monitoring loading (four probe AC method)
20
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
1st level of modulation Constant parametersChangeable parameters
212nd level of modulation
Changeable parameters Constant parameters
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
223rd level of modulationChangeable parameters Constant parameters
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
23
1st levelof modulation
2nd level ofmodulation
3rd level ofmodulation
Of-line RR0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)
1.
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
24Of-line RR0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)
2.
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
25Of-line RR0 versus time for Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)
3.
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
26
Diagram loading versus level of modulation
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3
Level of modulation
Cur
rent
den
sity
, mA
/cm
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
RR
0
RR0 j
Foil N056 (Dr.Violante)
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
27
Diagram loading versus level of modulation
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 3
Level of Modulation
RR
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cur
rent
den
sity
, mA
/cm
2
RR0 j
Foil N051 (Dr.Violante)
Study of Influence of Modulations on Loading
28
Excess Power; Exp. # 56
Excess Power of up to ~3.5 watts; Average ~2.7 watts for ~300 h
300 h
Average Pout ~6.9 watts
Average Pinet ~3.9 watts
COPE=(Pout-Pinet):Pinet ˜ (6.9-3.9):3.9 ˜ 0.8
30
Excess Power; Exp. # 64a
Pout=K?T
Pinet=Iin*Vin – P dis
Excess Power of up to 34 watts; Average ~20 watts for 17 h
17 h
Average Pinet ~0.74 watts
Average Pout ~20 watts
COPE=(Pout-Pinet):Pinet ˜ (20-0.74):0.74 ˜ 25
31
Input Energy~0.033MJ
Output Energy
Excess Energy
Excess energy of ~1.1 MJ
Excess Energy; Exp. # 64a
35
Excess Power; Exp. # 64b
Excess Power of up to 32 watts; Average ~12 watts for 80 h
COPE=(Pout-Pinet):Pinet ˜ (12-0.72):0.72 ˜ 15
Average Pout ~12 watts
Average Pinet ~0.72 watts
80 h
36Excess energy of ~4.6 MJ
Excess Energy; Exp. # 64b
Energy production from Cell ETE-4-64, second run
0.00E+00
5.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.50E+06
2.00E+06
2.50E+06
3.00E+06
3.50E+06
4.00E+06
4.50E+06
5.00E+06
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time, h
Ene
rgy,
Jou
le
Ein Eout Ex=Eout-Ein
38
?T, Current Density & Voltage ; EXP. # 64b
?T=T4-T5
Average Current Density = 8.37 mA/cm2
Cell Voltage, V
40
Excess Tritium in # 64
• Tritium concentration measured at end of #64 analysis ~ 250% of reference
• ~625 cm3 of D2O has been added to make-up for evaporation; initial
inventory was 230 cm3
• Assuming TDO/D2O evaporation rate ~ 1.0
• Estimated T effective concentration ~ 750%
• This amount of tritium corresponds to <1J – negligible as compared with the 5.7MJ excess energy generated.
41
Material Analysis
Diagnostics:
• Auger Electron Spectrometry
• Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive
Spectrometry SEM-EDS
• Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
• Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
42
Material Analysis # 64 vs. 63; SEM-EDS
Surface of Pd foil after rolling and annealing at 8700C:
sample #64 sample #63
43
View of Typical Black Spot on # 64 and its composition
SEM-EDS
Element Wt % At %____________________________C 35.77 52.48 O 26.19 28.84 Na 4.92 3.77 Al 0.43 0.28 Si 1.05 0.66 Pt 0.39 0.04 S 1.44 0.79 Cl 10.68 5.31 Pd 2.55 0.42 K 11.07 4.99 Ca 5.52 2.43 Total 100.00 100.00_____________________________
44
AES profiles of Pd, C, O and Cl of Pd foils #63 and # 64
0 20 40 60 80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cl-64
C-64
Pd-64
O-63
Cl-63
C-63
Pd-63
At.
part
s
Depth, A0
After etching in Aqua Regia
45
Sample 64. SIMS depth profiling.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
102
103
104
105
Pd
C
Pt
CNO
S
D
H
Total
Cou
nts
Depth, A0
46
Spatial distribution of selected isotopes measured by SIMS in #64a – D, b - 32S, c - total isotopes content, d - 195Pt.
Scale bar - 30 µm.
a b
c d
47
The dislocations in Pd foils after annealing.
#63 #643x1010, cm-2 6x1010, cm-2
Dislocation density
TEM
48
Plastic deformation of Pd foil caused by D2 absorption. Planes of sliding (111) are visible.
Sample #64
52
Summary of Material Analysis
• Pd surface is covered at least with two types of impurities. The first one is a lubricant used at a rolling process with Pd during plastic deformation of the metal. The second one is a result of adsorption of air components by Pd surface.
• The lubricant stains are of various sizes and configurations andpresent on surface of all samples before and after the electrolysis.
• Annealing at 8500 does not fully remove the lubricant's components from Pd surface.
• The density of dislocations and the average size of grains in sample # 64 are twice higher, than in the reference sample.
• Nuclear reaction product can not be detected on surface zone due to high concentration of impurities. No He measurement has been attempted.
53
SUMMARY
• Significant amount of excess heat has been generated in 3 experiments using 2 Pd foils.
• Dardik’s modified SuperWaves have been used for current drive in all the three experiments.
• The average current density was relatively low: < 10 mA/cm2
• The maximum excess power was 2500%. This range of excess power is suitable for commercial applications (although the operating temperatures were too low for such applications).
• The maximum excess energy generated with a single Pd foil is 5.7 MJ.
• This corresponds to a specific energy of 24.8 KeV per Pd atom.
• The highest average power density obtained is ~70 W/g Pd (versus 20 to 50 W/g U in commercial fission reactors).
54
SUMMARY (cont.)
• Significant increase in the tritium concentration in the electrolyte has been observed. However, the amount of tritium produced is negligible as compared with the excess energy generated.
• No measurement of He has been attempted.
• The Pd cathode surface was contaminated by what appears to be lubricant from the roller used for pre-treatment as well as impurities adsorbed from the air.
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