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South Oxfordshire District Council
2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)
In fulfilment of Part IV of theEnvironment Act 1995Local Air Quality Management
June 2019
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019
South Oxfordshire District Council
Local Authority Officer Carmen Cubillas Martinez
Department Environmental Services
Address 135 Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Ox14 4SB
Telephone 012354 22129
E-mail carmen.cubillas.martinez@southandvale.gov.uk
Report Reference number SODCASR2019
Date June 2019
AMENDMENT
In 2020 South Oxfordshire District Council identified an error in NO2 levels recorded at some of our passive monitoring stations in March and April 2017.
Following Defra’s guidance, this ASR has been now been amended with the updated/correct figures.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019
South Oxfordshire District Council
Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our AreaAir Quality in South Oxfordshire Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised
as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air
pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people,
and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with
equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent
areas1,2.
The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK
is estimated to be around £16 billion3.
South Oxfordshire District Council (SODC) declared AQMA’s in three towns within
the District: Henley, Wallingford and Watlington, all because of high levels of NO2
from traffic fumes. These can be viewed at the following link: https://oxfordshire.air-
quality.info/ .
The monitoring results recorded in 2018 show a decrease in pollution levels from
2017 in most areas of the District, following the downward trend identified last year.
In order to improve air pollution across the district, SODC works in collaboration with
partners like Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), Oxford Bus Company (OBC) and
other local authorities within Oxfordshire, putting in place some measures to reduce
NO2 and PM levels further, both in the AQMAs and also across the entire district.
Meetings of the Oxfordshire Air Quality Group are held quarterly, and now include
representatives from Public Health and Public Health England (PHE), enabling joint
working and a more comprehensive approach to our future projects.
Actions to Improve Air QualityIn order to improve air quality within the district the council have undertaken a
number of initiatives over the past year which include:
- Using planning and procurement to drive the long-term vision of reducing
emissions from transport
1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 20102 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 20063 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i
South Oxfordshire District Council
- Commencing our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off", whose promotional car
sticker is shown in Figure 1.1 below.
- Producing an updated AQ Planning Guidance for Developers
- Commissioned an air quality impact assessment to support the need for a
bypass road around Watlington
Figure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers
Low Emission Strategy (LES)
As a result of a further successful DEFRA bid in 2014, a LES was adopted in
November 2017. The associated research showed that if all the measures are
implemented then the improvements to air quality would mean the AQMA’s in
Wallingford and Watlington could be revoked and the Nitrogen Dioxide levels in these
towns would be within the national objective levels.
Some of the main actions included in this strategy are:
- Promoting low emission behaviours
- Supporting the uptake of electric and low emission vehicles
- Implementing a low emission freight and bus strategy.
Conclusions and PrioritiesIn 2018, monitoring data suggests that air pollution in South Oxfordshire has overall
continued to follow the downward trend identified in 2018. In 2018, 86% of the
monitoring sites recorded lower NO2 annual mean concentrations than those of 2017.
No exceedances of the annual average objective have been identified the district in
2018. The number of exceedances has therefore decreased significantly since in
2017 when the number of recorded exceedances was 10, supporting the concept
that air quality is improving in the district.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii
South Oxfordshire District Council
An exceedance of the hourly objective (not to be exceeded more than 18 times per
year) was recorded by the continuous analyser located in Wallingford. Since values
above 200 µg NO2/m3 were only recorded once in 2018, we can accept that this
objective has also been met in South Oxfordshire.
Despite the overall improvement in air quality, the revocation of the existing AQMAs
is not yet being considered due to the recent exceedances registered in Henley and
Wallingford (please see Pages 17-19) and the fact that more data is needed to
support the decreasing trend before trusting that NO2 levels will remain below the
national objectives.
South Oxfordshire District Council’s priorities for the following reporting year include
scoping the potential actions that would be included in the next version of our AQ
Action Plan in order to improve air quality in the district more effectively.
Local Engagement and How to get InvolvedThere are many ways in which the public can get involved in helping to improve air
quality in their area, from using your car less, driving more efficiently when you do
have to drive or considering a cleaner vehicle when you choose to upgrade your car.
Many smart travel choices and other tips to reduce air pollution can be found in the
links below:
https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices
http://www.traveline.info/
https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area...........................................................
Air Quality in South Oxfordshire............................................................................................
Actions to Improve Air Quality...............................................................................................
Conclusions and Priorities....................................................................................................
Local Engagement and How to get Involved.......................................................................
1 Local Air Quality Management.........................................................................2 Actions to Improve Air Quality.........................................................................
2.1 Air Quality Management Areas.................................................................................
2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South
Oxfordshire District Council..................................................................................................
2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or
Concentrations...................................................................................................................
3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance.....................................................................
3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken.......................................................................
3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites..........................................................................................
3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites..................................................................................
3.2 Individual Pollutants................................................................................................
3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)................................................................................................
Appendix A: Monitoring Results............................................................................Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018.................................Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC..............................................................................................................Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs..................................Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England...............................Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs..............................................................................................Glossary of Terms...................................................................................................References...............................................................................................................
Other references................................................................................................................
List of Tables
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas..................................................3Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality...........................................9Table 2.3 List of measures in SODC's 2014 Action Plan that target PM 2.5 reduction
according to LAQM.TG16’ PM2.5...........................................................176
Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites.....................................................21Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites.............................................22Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results....................................................28Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results.....................................................37
Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018...........................................38
Table C.1 – Annualisation of results ……………………………...............................41
Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England...........................................................52
List of FiguresFigure 1.1 Turn it Off campaign promotional stickers...................................................iiFigure 2.1 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2017...........15Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality
attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.............................................155Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality
attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.............................................155Figure 3.1 Percentage of the monitoring sites that recorded NO2 levels lower than
those of the year before............................................................................19Figure A.1 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Wallingford.......................32Figure A.2 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Watlington........................33Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Henley on Thames...........34Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Didcot...............................35Figure A.5 Other trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in South Oxfordshire 36Figure C.1 Calculation of Local Bias Adjustment factor using Defra’s calculator...........Figure C.2 Calculation of Local Bias Adjustment factor using Defra’s calculator...........Figure C.3 Henley Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph...................................45Figure C.4 Wallingford Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph............................45Figure C.5 Watlington Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph.............................46Figure C.7 Socotec Diffusion tubes: QC/QA information...........................................47Figure C.6 Distance correction results.....................................................................476Figure D.1Watlington AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring
sites and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.................49Figure D.1 Henley AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring sites
and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.........................50Figure D.2 Wallingford AQMA, locations of non-automatic (diffusion tube) monitoring
sites and NO2 levels (in µg/m3) recorded in each site in 2018.................51
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v
South Oxfordshire District Council
1 Local Air Quality Management
This report provides an overview of air quality in South Oxfordshire during 2018. It
fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV
of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance
documents.
The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review
and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether the air quality
objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the
local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare
an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place
in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual
requirement showing the strategies employed by South Oxfordshire District Council
to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.
The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in in
Appendix E.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 1
South Oxfordshire District Council
2 Actions to Improve Air Quality2.1 Air Quality Management AreasAir Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance
or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must
prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures
it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.
A summary of AQMAs declared by South Oxfordshire District Council can be found in
Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps
of AQMA boundaries are available online at:
https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Henley.jpg,
https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Wallingford.jpg
https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Watlington.jpg.
Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which
provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMA(s).
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 2
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas
AQMA Name
Date of Declaration
Pollutants and Air Quality
Objectives
City / Town
One Line Description
Is air quality in the AQMA influence
d by roads
controlled by
Highways England?
Level of Exceedance (maximum
monitored/modelled concentration at a
location of relevant exposure)
Action Plan
At Declaratio
nNow Name
Date of Publication
Link
Henley 01/01/2003NO2
Annual Mean
Henley
An area encompassing
Duke Street and Bell
Street in 2002 and was further
extended in 2004 to
include the Market Place,
Hart street and Reading
Road.
NO 45.1 µg/m3 39.6 µg/
m3
Air Quality Action Plan 2014
2014 https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf
Wallingford 28/03/2008
NO2 Annual Mean
Wallingford
An area encompassing
the High Street and
part of Castle Street, St
Marys Street and St Martins
Street
NO 48.3 µg/m3 37.5 µg/
m3
Air Quality Action Plan 2014
2014 https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 3
South Oxfordshire District Council
Watlington 31/03/2009NO2
Annual Mean
Watlington
An area encompassing
Shirburn Street,
Couching Street and
Brook street
NO 51.3 µg/m3 38.6 µg/
m3
Air Quality Action Plan 2014
2014 https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf
☒ South Oxfordshire District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 4
South Oxfordshire District Council
2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South Oxfordshire District Council
Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that:
1. The monitoring results presented within the report demonstrate exceedances at
six diffusion tubes inside AQMAs, and two exceedances at sites S26 and S57
outside of AQMAs.
2. Both the exceedances at S26 and S57 are new in 2017, with very sudden
increases in NO2 concentrations at both sites. It is therefore recommended to keep
these under review to determine whether they are likely to be long term, before
taking any action in response to them.
NO2 levels recorded at 9 Adwell Cottages (S57) in 2018 (31.3 µg NO2/m3) are similar
to the ones recorded in 2014, 2015 and 2016, suggesting the high concentrations
registered in 2017 could have been an exception to the five-year downward trend
otherwise observed in both 9 and 10 Adwell Cottages.
In order to assess NO2 levels in Chinnor (S26), South Oxfordshire District Council
added more monitoring sites in different locations across the village to their network
in January 2019.
3. From 2016 to 2017, concentrations have demonstrated small decreases in both
Henley and Wallingford AQMAs but have increased in Watlington AQMA.
4. It is recommended that the Local Authority consider developing further AQAP
measures which specifically target improvement in the AQMA (particularly
Watlington), and other pollution hotspots, in order to achieve compliance within the
district.
To address this suggestion, SODC and OCC are pursuing the creation of a bypass
road (Edge Road) that would remove some traffic from Watlington town centre and
therefore result in a potential decrease of NO2 concentrations. This project has been
supported via the planning system, with part of the funding being provided through
S106 monies through proposed and future housing developments in the area.
5.There does not appear to have been any new monitoring locations added to the
monitoring programme in the last five years. It is recommended that the Local
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 5
South Oxfordshire District Council
Authority routinely review their monitoring programme and consider any new areas of
potential exceedance located with relevant exposure to receptors.
In January 2019, 23 new monitoring sites were therefore added to the network; four
in Didcot, two in Clifton Hampden, one at Adwell Cottages, six in Thame, two in
Wheatley, one in Sonning Eye, two in Wallingford and five in Chinnor, as mentioned
above.
6.It is good to see progress being made towards the AQAP measures in the last
year. It would be helpful if the Local Authority provided estimated completion dates
and pollution reduction targets for measures which don’t yet have any.
Estimated completion dates have been added to Table 2.2 below. The plan to begin
reviewing and scoping potential new measures for our AQAP in 2019 is to address
some of these issues to include pollution reduction targets (if possible).
7.The Local Authority should also consider developing measures to address PM2.5
in partnership with Public Health, with reference to the Public Health Outcomes
Framework.
Many of the actions in the current AQ Action Plan target PM as well as NO2, as
shown on Table 2.3. South Oxfordshire District Council is currently scoping potential
new measures to target both PM and NO2 reduction that will be included in the next
version of the Action Plan.
8.A Local Bias Adjustment Factor has been applied to the data. A discussion should
be provided in future reporting comparing the National and Local bias adjustment
factors and explaining which was chosen and why.
Information on the choice of bias adjustment factor can be found in Appendix C.
9.Distance correction has been applied to three diffusion tube sites (S71, S72 and
S73). However, no details have been provided of these corrections. Full details,
including which background sites were used and example calculations should be
provided in Appendix C in future reporting.
Detailed information on distance correction have been included in Appendix C,
including calculation carried out with Defra’s NO2 fall off with distance Calculator and
background measure used.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 6
South Oxfordshire District Council
10.The maps provided in Appendix D are helpful, however labels have not been
provided for monitoring site locations. It would be useful if maps in future reports
included these.
The maps provided in Appendix D include information on Site ID and annual
averages recorded at each site.
South Oxfordshire District Council has taken forward a number of direct measures
during the current reporting year of 2018 in pursuit of improving local air quality.
Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.
More detail on these measures can be found in their respective Action Plan: SODC
Air Quality Action Plan 2014.
(https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf)
With details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table
2.2, with key completed measures are:
- Installation of 4 EV charging points in Council owned car parks
- Adoption of a taxi licensing scheme that offers a reduced fee for low emission
vehicles
- Producing an Air Quality Planning Guidance and updating it to ensure it
promotes most recent best practice
- Supporting a project that could reduce traffic and emissions in Watlington
through the Planning System
- Oxford Bus Company continue to improve the emissions standard of their fleet
by retrofitting vehicles progressively. In 2018 30% of their fleet operating in
South Oxfordshire meet Euro 6 Standards.
- Commenced an anti-idling campaign, Turn it Off, that will target idling at
locations with sensitive receptors, such as schools and medical practices.
- Continuing to use our Planning and Procurement Systems to reduce emissions
from transport in the long term
South Oxfordshire District Council expects the following measures to be completed
over the course of the next reporting year:
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 7
South Oxfordshire District Council
- Scope the feasibility of a Dockless Bikes Scheme for the AQMA towns.
- In June 2019 on Clean Air day launch our anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off" by
engaging with local schools, medical practices and businesses.
- Providing eco-driver training for council employees.
- Provide funding towards the 2019 Wallingford Festival of Cycling, an event that
promotes adopting sustainable means of transport in the district.
- Publish the updated AQ Planning Guidance and looking into the possibility of
formally adopting this as Supplementary Planning Guidance.
- Complete modelling work to assess the impacts on the proposed ‘edge road’
on local air quality in Watlington.
- Complete a feasibility study looking at the possibility of new charging points in
car parks/council properties.
- Oxford Bus Company will retrofit another 14 vehicles to E6 standards. This
would mean 45% of the bus fleet operating in South Oxfordshire will meet Euro
6 standards.
- Commence the process of producing a new AQAP.
South Oxfordshire District Council’s priorities for the coming year is to strengthen the
partnership we have with other authorities and bodies, as we have in 2018, by
obtaining PHE’s endorsement for our “Turn it Off” campaign and by seeking to launch
common projects with the other District Councils in the county.
We will continue to deliver some of the actions set out in our Air Quality Action Plan
and further implement the LES to enable us to deliver upon this.
Progress on the following measures has continued to be slower than expected due to
their progress depending on third parties, dependence on changing policies or lack of
resources.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 8
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality
Measure No.
Measure EU Category EU Classification
Organisations
involved and
Funding Source
Planning Phase
Implementation Phase
Key Performance
Indicator
Reduction in Pollutant /
Emission from Measure
Progress to DateEstimated
/ Actual Completio
n Date
Comments / Barriers to implementation
1 LES
Policy Guidance and Development Control
Regional Groups Co-ordinating programmes to develop Area wide Strategies to reduce emissions and improve air quality
SODC 2016 2017New policies in place. NO2 levels reduced
If fully implemented a reduction of 16% NO2 would be seen in Wallingford, 35% in Watlington (enabling us to revoke these 2 AQMAs) and an overall 5% reduction districtwide.
LES Adopted Completed 2017
LES adopted in Oct 2017. Further implementation will progressively take place in future years
2Installation of EV charging points
Transport Planning and Infrastructure
Other SODC 2016 2017
New policies in place. EV infrastructure in place
Not Quantified
CompletedFour charging points installed in Henley and Wallingford Council owner car parks. Encouragement through the planning process and council car parking initiatives.
Completed 2017
Feasibility study being finalised by our Technical Services Team to scope possibility of more points in car parks/council properties.
3Parking permit incentives for green vehicles
Promoting Low Emission Transport
Priority parking for LEV's
SODC - -
Discounted permits for greener vehicles
Not Quantified
Parking permits are half the list price for owners of a vehicle with a CO2 emission of 120g/km or less
Completed
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 9
South Oxfordshire District Council
4
Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / freight quality partnerships
Freight and Delivery Management
Freight Consolidation Centre
OCC - - Study completion
Not Quantified: likely to be high if implemented
Funding not yet secured Unknown
Not considered a high priority at this present time.Best developed as a county wide initiative by Oxfordshire County Council.
5Taxi incentives for LEVs
Promoting Low Emission Transport
Taxi Licensing conditions SODC 2015 2015 Full sliding
scale for fees Not Quantified
Completed-LEV taxi licensing scheme in place. Licensing policy offers a reduced fee for low emission vehicles.
Completed2015
The policy is being reviewed during 2019/2020 where further incentives will be considered.
6
Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation orders
Traffic Management Other OCC - -
Further checks & monitoring underway
Not Quantified
Civil parking enforcement has been scoped by council’s Technical Services Manager.In partnership with OCC. A joint specification has been prepared to commission a feasibility study, which is expected to be delivered in Autumn 2019.
Unknown
7 AQ Planning Guidance
Policy Guidance and Development Control
Air Quality Planning and Policy Guidance
SODC 2012 2014
All developments adhering to guidance
Not Quantified Complete 2017
Guidance for Developers to be published on website once the council’s new website has been finalised
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 10
South Oxfordshire District Council
8Smoothing traffic flow in Watlington
Traffic Management
Strategic highway improvements, Re-prioritising road space away from cars, including Access management, Selective vehicle priority, bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane
OCC 2018 -Project (bypass road) completed
Not Quantified
Air quality impact of a bypass around Watlington based on modelling was commissioned in 2018 and is being finalised but indicates it will improve air quality within the Watlington AQMA
Unknown
This is dependent on housing planning applications being approved to fund the Edge Road
9
Increased use of the Ring Road: Wallingford
Traffic Management Other SODC - - Projects
completed Not Quantified Under consideration by OCC Unknown
Dependent on OCC.Further monitoring to be done by OCC to assess the benefits and impacts to AQ of closing the Wallingford Bridge during rush hour
10
Increased enforcement and review of the weight restriction zone: Watlington
Traffic Management Other OCC - -
New enforcement policy adopted
Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown Progress dependant on OCC
11 Low Emission Bus Strategy
Transport Planning and Infrastructure
Vehicle Retrofitting programmes
SODC Oxford Bus Company
2017 2018 % of Euro VI buses in place Not Quantified
Oxford Bus are updating the emissions standard of their fleet progressively. Most of the fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI.
Unknown
Oxford Bus are progressively updating the emissions standard of their fleet. Most of the fleet operating in the district is already Euro VI.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11
South Oxfordshire District Council
2
Promoting low emission transport: Dockless Bikes Scheme
Transport Planning and Infrastructure
Public cycle hire scheme SODC 2018 - Scheme in
place Not Quantified Not yet started 2019
During 2019 the focus will be on the feasibility of introducing such a scheme in the AQMA’s
13Anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off"
Public Information
Via other mechanisms SODC 2017 2019 Campaign
launched
2-3% fuel savings, emission savings less clear
Anti-idling campaign scoped during 2018 formal launch on clean air day (20 June 2019).
2019
Further works proposed around our anti-idling campaign for summer 2019. Campaign will aim to raise public awareness, especially at locations with sensitive receptors (schools).
14
Review of Council and contractors’ fleet
Promoting Low Emission Transport
Company Vehicle Procurement -Prioritising uptake of low emission vehicles
SODC 2017 2019
New Policies in Place; Greener Vehicles Procured
Not Quantified
Our waste contractor (Biffa) updated its fleet to Euro 6 vehicles in October 2017. Council vehicles being purchased include an emission levels appraisal as part of the selection process.
Completed
Further improvements in emissions should be realised as and when vehicles are replaced with newer, higher Euro Standard vehicles.
15 Eco-driver training
Vehicle Fleet Efficiency
Driver training and ECO driving aids
SODC 2018 2020 Training Complete Not Quantified
Project scoped, in discussion with our HR team for staff to attend Eco driver training
2019 First tranche of staff to be trained by Dec 2019
16Behavioural change projects
Promoting Travel Alternatives
Other SODC 2019 2020 Projects completed Not Quantified
Programme of events to raise awareness produced
2020
Roadshow events are planned in the district market towns to raise awareness and promote behavioural change
17
Community projects: Wallingford Festival of Cycling
Promoting Travel Alternatives
Other SODC 2014 2017 Projects completed Not Quantified
Ongoing. Some projects already completed
2019 2019 Wallingford Festival of Cycling part funded
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12
South Oxfordshire District Council
18
Awareness campaigns: Oxfordshire Air Quality Website
Public Information Other SODC 2008 2009
Number of campaigns and sources of information
Not Quantified Complete 2015
Further work proposed for 2019/20 includes raising public awareness by producing promotional materials and sharing information with other Oxfordshire councilsTwitter feed on website for news updates to be utilised
19"Park and Stride" Campaign
Alternatives to private vehicle use
Other SODC 2019 - Projects completed Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown
Looking at ways to promote this in conjunction with OCC
20"Cut Your Engine" Campaign
Vehicle Fleet Efficiency Other SODC 2018 - Projects
completed Not Quantified
Anti-idling campaign scoped during 2018, formal launch on clean air day (20 June 2019).
Unknown
Further works proposed around our anti-idling campaign for summer 2019. Campaign will aim to raise public awareness, especially at locations with sensitive receptors (schools).
21
Awareness campaigns: Identification of monitoring sites
Public Information
Via other mechanisms SODC 2018 2018
Stickers placed with diffusion tubes and continuous analysers
Not Quantified
Produced stickers to identify monitoring sites. The stickers include a link to our website for members public to easily access monitoring results.
Complete 2017
22
A low emission freight strategy: Delivery service plans
Freight and Delivery Management
Delivery and Service plans OCC - -
Delivery plans required with commercial applications
Not Quantified Not Yet Started -
Dependant on OCC.OCC looking into the possibility of including delivery plans as a requirement for commercial applications
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13
South Oxfordshire District Council
2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations
As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are
expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5
(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear
evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature
mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.
Regarding particulate matter levels in the district, examples from councils across the
country who have traffic related AQMA’s highlight that where NO2 levels are typically
around 60-70 µg/m3, measured particulate matter (PM10) levels at the same location
remain below 25 µg/m3, which is well below the national objective level of 40 µg/m3.
Although there are both primary and secondary traffic related PM10 sources, the
majority of the PM10 and PM2.5 fraction in our District is made up from background
sources. No other significant PM sources have been identified in South Oxfordshire
(see below Appendix F) and therefore the DEFRA background mappings of PM are
believed to be accurate putting PM2.5 levels below 11 µg/m3 in 2018 (please see
Figure 2.1for an illustration of Defra’s PM2.5 modelled levels in the district), which is
just half that of the national objective level.
It’s also worth considering that there is a direct relationship between PM and NO2
when the major source is road traffic, based on this SODC do not currently monitor
PM but we are confident it falls well below objective levels at all locations throughout
the district.
However, although the current particulate matter levels meet the national objective,
PM has an impact on the health of South Oxfordshire’s residents. The Public Health
Outcomes Framework sets out a vision for public health, that is to improve and
protect the nation's health, and improve the health of the poorest fastest. With this in
mind, they have developed a set of supporting indicators that help focus our
understanding of how well we are doing, one of them being the fraction of mortality
attributable to particulate air pollution.
Indicator 3.0 represents the fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to
human-made particulate air pollution (PM2.5).
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14
South Oxfordshire District Council
Figure 2 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2017
The Public Health Outcomes Framework research, shown below in Figures 2.2 and
2.3, has determined that 5.3% of deaths from all causes in those aged 30+ are attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15
South Oxfordshire District Council
In order to reduce PM levels further, some of the measures taken by South Oxford
District Council to mitigate NOx emissions also reduce PM2.5 emissions. Table 2.3
below shows which of SODCs actions also target the reduction of the existing PM 2.5
levels in the district.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16
Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire
Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table 2.3 List of measures in SODC's 2014 Action Plan that target PM2.5
reduction according to LAQM.TG16 Action Toolbox
Measure Reduces PM2.5 emissions
LES ✔Installation of EV charging points ✔Parking permit incentives for green vehicles ✔Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / freight quality partnerships
✔
Installation of countdown clocks at traffic lights ✔Taxi incentives for LEVs ✔Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation ordersReview of Council and contractors’ fleet ✔Eco-driver training ✔AQ planning guidanceIncreased use of the Wallingford ring road ✔Community projectsAwareness campaignsBehavioural change projectsA low emission freight strategy: Delivery service plans
✔
"Park and Stride" Campaign ✔Anti-idling Campaigns ✔Smoothing traffic flow in Watlington ✔Increased enforcement and review of the weight restriction zone in Watlington
✔
A low emission bus strategyMini Park and Ride ✔PickMeUp ✔
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17
South Oxfordshire District Council
3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken3.1.1Automatic Monitoring Sites
This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with
objectives.
South Oxfordshire District Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at
three sites during 2018. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.
National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-
sites.
Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.
Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been
adjusted are included in Appendix C.
3.1.2Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites
South Oxfordshire District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of
NO2 at 62 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.
Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.
Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes,
including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation”
and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.
3.2 Individual PollutantsThe air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant,
adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on
adjustments are provided in Appendix C.
3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.
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For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in
Appendix B.
Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly
mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m 3,
not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.
Regarding the trend followed in South Oxfordshire, in 2018 air quality has
continued to improve.
Within all three declared AQMAs nitrogen dioxide levels have decreased in the last
five years, as shown in Figures A.1 to A.3. Also, outside the borders of the AQMAs
NO2 levels have also decreased in most locations (see Figures A.4 and A.5), with
some exceptions.
In regard to the exceedances recorded, the decrease in NO2 concentration
mentioned above has resulted in a decrease in the number of exceedances of the annual mean objective recorded, which has gone from six in 2017 to none in 2018.
The results registered in Mendip Heights, Didcot (S72), were high at the monitoring
site (47.3 µg/m3). This site is located at a roundabout, with the nearest dwelling (2
Mendip Heights) being more than 30m away. Therefore, there is no relevant
exposure at this location and the predicted annual mean at the receptor was of 29.6
µg/m3, therefore not constituting an exceedance of the annual mean objective.
However, since the distance between the receptor and the site is greater than 20m,
the result should be interpreted carefully.
It’s also worth considering the fact that such dwelling is located at the top of a hill
while the monitoring site and road are located at the bottom of the hill. Apart from the
distance, this height difference suggests emissions from the road will be dispersed
before reaching the dwelings, which would result in much lower level if the monitoring
was carried out at the fachade of the houses.
In order to review NO2 levels in this site more accurately, the monitoring site was
moved and is now located adjacent to the facade of 2 Mendip Height, where the
result obtained won’t need to be subjected to distance correction and will therefore
indicate precisely the level the occupants of the property are exposed to.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19
South Oxfordshire District Council
In terms of the NO2 1-hour mean objective, concentrations higher than 200 µg
NO2/m3 were registered once by the analyser in Wallingford (exceedances of this
objective are permitted up to 18 days per year), suggesting an isolated episode.
None of the diffussion tubes recorded levels above 60 µgNO2/m3, it is considered that
the 1-hour objective was met at all of the other monitoring sites across the district.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20
South Oxfordshire District Council
Appendix A: Monitoring ResultsTable A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites
Site ID Site Name Site Type
X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants
Monitored
In AQMA?
Monitoring Technique
Distance to Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest
road (m) (2)
Inlet Height
(m)
Wallingford
Wallingford83 High St Roadside 460800 189500 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 1.2 1.5
Henley Henley45 Duke St Roadside 476116 182531 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 3.5 1.5
Watlington Watlington Town hall Roadside 468973 194487 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 1.2 1.5
Notes:(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).(2) N/A if not applicable.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 21
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Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites
Site ID Site Name Site Type X OS Grid Ref
Y OS Grid Ref
Pollutants
Monitored
In AQMA?
Distance to
Relevant Exposure
(m) (1)
Distance to kerb of nearest road (m)
(2)
Tube collocated
with a Continuous Analyser?
Height (m)
1Didcot, 20 Wantage
RoadKerbside 451780 189920 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5
2 Didcot, 100 Park Road Kerbside 451652 199384 NO2 No 15 1 NO 2.5
4 Didcot, 55 Broadway Roadside 453099 190031 NO2 No 4 3 NO 2.5
5 Benson, 8 Lune Close
Urban background 453499 190384 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5
6
Clifton Hampden, Magnolia Cottages, Near Post
Office
Roadside 454710 195562 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5
7
Didcot, 77 The
Broadway (co-location)
Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5
8
Didcot, 77 The
Broadway (co-location)
Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5
9
Didcot, 77 The
Broadway (co-location)
Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5
11 Didcot, 110 The
Roadside 452865 189979 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 22
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Broadway
12 Wallingford, 2 Station Road Roadside 460389 189498 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5
13Wallingford,
68 High Street
Kerbside 460640 189483 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5
15Wallingford, 33 Castle
StreetKerbside 460736 189567 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5
16Wallingford, 52 St Mary's
StreetRoadside 460713 189279 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5
17
Wallingford, 57
Brookmead Drive
Urban background 460282 188807 NO2 No 16 1 NO 2.5
18Wallingford,
10 St Martins Street
Roadside 460684 189204 NO2 No 1 1.5 NO 2.5
19
Wallingford, George Hotel, High St (co-
location)
Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5
20
Wallingford, George Hotel, High St (co-
location)
Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5
21
Wallingford, George Hotel, High St (co-
location)
Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5
23
Wallingford, 102 High St (The Gate
House)
Roadside 460938 189496 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5
26 Chinnor, 3 Lower Road Roadside 475250 201230 NO2 No 3 2 NO 2.5
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27 Wheatley, 50 High Street Kerbside 459532 205740 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5
28 Thame, 1 Ludlow Drive Roadside 471283 205977 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5
29 Thame, 16 Park Street Kerbside 471010 205598 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5
30 Watlington, 8 Shirburn St Kerbside 469017.458 194513.661 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5
31Watlington, 23 Shirburn
StreetKerbside 469061 194590 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5
32Watlington,
48 Couching St (Co-Op)
Kerbside 468962 194458 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5
33Watlington,
41 Couching St
Roadside 468951 194457 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5
36 Watlington, 9 Couching St Roadside 468852 194343 NO2 Yes 3 2 NO 2.5
37Watlington, 27 Brook
StreetKerbside 468756 194360 NO2 Yes 2 1 NO 2.5
38Watlington, 57 Brook
StreetRoadside 468856 194293 NO2 Yes 5 2 NO 2.5
39Watlington, St
Leonards Church
Kerbside 468478.851 194720.915 NO2 No 21 1 NO 2.5
40
Henley, 82 Bell Street (Atlantic House)
Kerbside 476080 182951 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5
41 Henley, 33 New Street Kerbside 476209 182831 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5
42Henley, 82 Northfield
EndRoadside 475869 183217 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 24
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43
Henley, Imperial
Court, Station Road
Roadside 476286 182290 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5
44Henley, 178
Reading Road
Roadside 476547 181735 NO2 No 1 3 NO 2.5
45
Henley, Upton Close,
Reading Road
Roadside 476288 182078 NO2 No 18 2 NO 2.5
46Henley, 35 Reading
RoadRoadside 476174 182396 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5
47 Henley, 2 Greys Road Kerbside 476103 182506 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5
48Henley, 45
Duke St (co-location)
Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5
49Henley, 45
Duke St (co-location)
Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5
50Henley, 45
Duke St (co-location)
Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5
51 Henley, 4 Duke Street Kerbside 476071 182612 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5
52 Henley, 40 Hart St Roadside 476223 182652 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5
53 Henley, 27 Market Place Roadside 475997 182614 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5
54 Henley, 15 Lovell Close Kerbside 475104 181557 NO2 No 6 1 NO 2.5
57M40, 9 Adwell
CottagesRoadside 470199 200196 NO2 No 0 15 NO 2.5
61 M40, 10 Roadside 470207 200190 NO2 No 0 17 NO 2.5
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 25
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Adwell Cottages
63Henley, 19 St Johns Road, Hithercroft
Kerbside 460152 189130 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5
65 Henley, 23 Thameside Roadside 476308 182760 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5
66Watlington, 39 Kings
RoadRoadside 475878 182760 NO2 No 1 2 NO 2.5
67
Wallingford, 11A
Watlington Road
Kerbside 461724 191785 NO2 No 4 0 NO 2.5
68Wallingford,
3A The Street (New house)
Kerbside 461298 189367 NO2 No 3 1 NO 2.5
69
Wallingford, Outside Bartlett Close,
Reading Road
Urban background 460470 188224 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5
70
Wallingford, Newham
Manor Farm, A4074
Roadside 461916 188424 NO2 No 25 2 NO 1.5
71
Didcot, 8 Great
Western Drive, Station
road
Roadside 452084 190694 NO2 No 13 2 NO 2.5
72
Didcot, Mendip Heights,
Station Road
Roadside 451424 190943 NO2 No 29 2 NO 2.5
73 Thame, 41 Roadside 470605 206554 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 26
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Aylesbury Road
74
Thame, Churchill Crescent,
Kingsey Rd
Roadside 471695 205806 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5
75
Little Milton, 63 High Street
(Plumtree Cottage)
Kerbside 461901 200989 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5
76Stadhampton, 2 Cratlands
CloseKerbside 460279 198618 NO2 No 10 1 NO 2.5
77
Stadhampton, Holme
Cottage, Newington
Rd
Kerbside 460163 198398 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5
Notes:(1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).(2) N/A if not applicable.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 27
South Oxfordshire District Council
Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type
Valid Data Capture for Monitoring
Period (%) (1)
Valid Data Capture
2018 (%) (2)
NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m3) (3)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
S1 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 29.3 25.8 30.8 27.2 25.1
S2 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 75% 75% 25.8 29.5 27.9 25.0 18.9
S4 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37 30.7 36.3 33.6 29.5
S5 Urban background
Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 21 18.6 20.4 21.3 17.8
S6 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 28.8 26.5 28.1 32.5 24.3
S7-9 Roadside Automatic 94% 94% 35.2 29.8 33.9 30.7 26.3
S11 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 34.2 29.5 35.2 30.0 25.6
S12 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.1 27.8 32 28.2 26.3
S13 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 50% 50% 35.1 28.2 32.6 28.9 21.5
S15 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 36.8 29.9 33.5 30.4 27.0
S16 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 29.5 24.5 24.7 29.3 29.1
S17 Urban background
Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 13.7 11.5 15.8 16.4 13.3
S18 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 31.7 26.7 29.6 30.3 28.4
S19-21 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.1 34.4 40.7 40.0 37.4
S23 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 36.2 31.6 36.9 34.7 32.1
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 28
South Oxfordshire District Council
Tube
S26 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.1 30.1 32 33.1 28.3
S27 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 28 23.8 26.8 25.8 22.1
S28 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 17.2 14.4 17.7 15.7 13.5
S29 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 27.1 24.4 27.9 25.0 21.9
S30 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 46.4 40.8 46.2 41.9 39.2
S31 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 45.1 34.7 37.5 34.6 29.6
S32 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 49.3 38.7 44.2 40.4 35.3
S33 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 55 43.9 50.2 45.7 38.5
S36 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.4 29.3 31.6 27.8 23.5
S37 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 28.3 25.3 36.5 31.5 23.5
S38 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35 26.2 27.9 26.5 24.2
S39 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 25% 25% 11.4 13.0 10.5
S40 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.7 32.5 33.2 29.4 29.9
S41 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 32.7 28.1 31.5 27.9 25.4
S42 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 34.1 28.1 31.9 28.0 25.1
S43 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.9 29.2 33.1 29.0 26.5
S44 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 35.1 31 38 27.7 26.4
S45 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 36.3 26.3 30.6 27.3 22.4
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 29
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Tube
S46 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.7 31.2 37 30.4 27.8
S47 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 44.5 34 40.5 34.6 32.5
S48-50 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.5 30.2 36.5 32.3 28.8
S51 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 58.8 47.1 47.4 47.5 39.6
S52 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 43.3 36.5 38 35.1 31.4
S53 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 29.5 27.5 33.5 27.5 24.9
S54 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 21.5 12.4 14.7 12.4 12.1
S57 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.9 35.6 33.6 39.1 31.3
S61 Roadside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 40 36.5 39 37.9 32.2
S63 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 24.2 20.3 25.1 21.4 18.5
S65 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 33.9 39.3 39.3 23.6 30.6
S66 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 25.7 22.7 26.4 23.9 21.1
S67 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 83% 83% 23 18.1 30.2 27.9
S68 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 25.6 19.2 22.2 22.5 18.4
S69 Urban background
Diffusion Tube 67% 67% 22.1 19.5 22.2 18.4 19.4
S70 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 43.6 33.6 39.8 32.7 31.0
S71 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.5 32.5 39.8 35.1 27.7
S72 Roadside Diffusion 92% 92% 66 53.2 56.9 66.4 47.3
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 30
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Tube
S73 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.5 34.1 36.9 35.0 31.3
S74 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 21.4 19.5 23.6 22.1 18.8
S75 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.7 32.3 36 32.6 25.9
S76 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 27.1 21.4 24 21.6 18.9
S77 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 29 23.3 30.1 26.3 23.9
Henley Roadside Automatic 76% 76% 34.1 28.1 31.9 28.2 30.0Wallingford Roadside Automatic 92% 92% 40 33 37 35.4 37.0Watlington Roadside Automatic 98% 98% 38 35 37 32.0 31.0
☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%
Notes:Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.
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Figure A.3 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Wallingford
2014 2015 2016 2017 201810
20
30
40
50
Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Wallingford's AQMA
S23: 102 High St (The Gate House)
S19-21: George Hotel, High St (co-location)
S15: 33 Castle Street
S13: 68 High Street
S12: 2 Station Road
National Objective (40μg/m3)
S17: 57 Brookmead Drive (Background)
YearNO
2 C
once
ntra
tion
(μg/
m3)
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Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Watlington
2014 2015 2016 2017 20180
10
20
30
40
50
60
Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Watlington's AQMA
30: 8 Shirburn St, Watlington
31: 23 Shirburn Street, Watlington
32: 48 Couching St (Co-Op), Watlington
33: 41 Couching St , Watlington
36: 9 Couching St, Watlington
37: 27 Brook Street, Watlington
38: 57 Brook Street, Watlington
39: St Leonards Church/Close, Watlington (Background)
National Objective: 40 µg/m3
YearNO
₂ C
once
ntra
tion
(µg/
m3)
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Figure A.5 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Henley on Thames
2014 2015 2016 2017 20185
15
25
35
45
55
Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Henley's AQMA
S51: 4 Duke Street
S52: 40 Hart St
S53: 27 Market Place
S47: 2 Greys Road
S46: 35 Reading Road
S48-51: 45 Duke St (co-location)
National Objective (40μg/m3)
S54: 15 Lovell Close
Year
NO
2 C
once
ntra
tion
(μg/
m3)
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 34
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Figure A.4 Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations: Didcot
2014 2015 2016 2017 20180
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Didcot
1: 20 Wantage Road, Didcot
2: 100 Park Road, Didcot
4: 55 Broadway, Didcot
5: 8 Lune Close, Didcot
7-9: 77 The Broadway (co-location), Didcot
11: 110 The Broadway, Didcot
National Objective: 40 µg/m3
71: 8 Great Western Drive, Station road, Didcot
72: Mendip Heights, Station Road, Didcot
Year
NO
₂ C
once
ntra
tion
(µg/
m3)
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Figure A.5 Other trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in South Oxfordshire
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 36
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Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results
Site ID Site Type Monitoring Type
Valid Data Capture for Monitoring Period (%)
(1)
Valid Data Capture 2018
(%) (2)
NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m3 (3)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Henley Roadside Automatic 76% 76% 0 0 0 0 0Wallingford Roadside Automatic 92% 92% 0 0 0 0 1Watlington Kerbside Automatic 98% 98% 1 0 1 0 0
Notes:Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold.(1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year.(2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).(3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.
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Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018
Site ID
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual Mean
Raw Data
Bias Adjusted (1.08 and 0.79) and Annualise
d (1)
Distance Correcte
d to Nearest
Exposure (2)
1 31.2 29.9 29.9 27.3 29.6 24.6 20.6 20.6 24.3 31.3 37.4 27.9 25.1 N/A2 22.6 22.6 19.1 18.0 15.8 18.6 23.9 27.1 24.1 21.3 18.9 N/A4 36.2 31.9 31.9 32.7 34.2 29.0 34.6 28.0 32.6 35.2 32.6 40.5 33.3 29.5 N/A5 23.9 23.5 23.5 17.4 16.2 10.8 14.5 14.2 27.0 17.8 25.4 23.0 19.8 17.8 N/A6 28.8 26.2 26.2 23.5 31.2 28.6 26.2 20.0 26.3 32.3 30.8 30.1 27.5 24.3 N/A7 35.8 27.2 27.2 31.0 28.4 23.3 27.2 24.6 30.6 39.3 33.5 29.8 26.8 N/A8 36.1 29.0 29.0 29.6 27.5 22.0 27.7 24.7 27.1 28.9 34.9 35.3 29.3 26.2 N/A9 31.7 27.7 27.7 27.1 27.7 23.4 26.9 22.7 26.0 42.4 36.7 29.1 26.0 N/A11 29.7 29.7 27.2 32.6 31.1 28.5 21.7 26.3 33.3 31.9 32.6 29.5 25.6 N/A12 33.9 26.7 26.7 24.6 28.7 25.0 29.3 28.5 31.3 34.5 33.5 35.2 29.8 26.3 N/A13 27.3 25.2 20.0 30.3 30.7 33.7 27.9 21.5 N/A15 34.3 30.3 30.3 31.1 27.6 28.3 28.4 25.2 30.1 35.8 32.3 30.4 30.3 27.0 N/A16 36.0 33.3 33.3 32.2 28.4 30.3 34.2 28.7 34.8 35.7 30.2 35.5 32.7 29.1 N/A17 18.9 19.2 19.2 13.2 11.1 9.4 10.1 8.8 12.8 17.8 19.1 14.5 13.3 N/A18 33.2 32.4 32.4 30.6 33.2 29.4 31.0 27.0 32.9 33.2 31.7 37.5 32.0 28.4 N/A19 31.5 38.4 38.4 38.3 48.7 50.1 48.4 41.2 42.6 47.5 40.3 46.5 42.7 37.2 N/A
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20 35.6 42.0 42.0 37.7 44.7 48.4 47.6 38.7 46.3 47.4 39.0 45.5 42.9 37.7 N/A21 38.7 40.0 40.0 37.5 42.1 46.5 48.6 40.8 42.9 45.4 40.5 44.8 42.3 37.2 N/A23 36.6 35.3 35.3 40.1 34.2 38.5 31.7 37.0 39.6 36.6 42.0 37.0 32.1 N/A26 33.9 27.9 27.9 32.3 30.7 33.3 31.9 27.1 27.4 35.1 38.2 39.3 32.1 28.3 N/A27 29.6 25.6 25.6 26.1 18.6 20.6 18.2 23.5 26.3 27.1 26.7 24.4 22.1 N/A28 20.2 18.5 18.5 14.0 11.9 9.2 9.6 10.0 13.1 17.2 17.6 19.6 14.9 13.5 N/A29 24.4 26.3 26.3 24.2 27.9 23.1 20.9 17.5 22.0 24.1 28.4 30.6 24.6 21.9 N/A30 38.4 38.6 38.6 45.8 50.4 45.7 44.7 43.7 51.1 40.7 43.8 39.2 N/A31 33.7 31.2 31.2 30.6 39.6 32.6 36.1 27.8 31.7 37.7 32.1 38.3 33.6 29.6 N/A32 38.3 34.1 34.1 36.9 46.9 43.5 40.4 32.4 44.3 47.7 40.4 39.9 35.3 N/A33 39.4 39.3 39.3 38.6 48.8 46.5 50.9 45.0 39.0 49.6 43.1 47.5 43.9 38.5 N/A36 28.1 25.6 25.6 22.4 27.2 27.1 25.9 23.0 24.2 31.0 28.2 32.1 26.7 23.5 N/A37 31.5 31.5 14.8 26.1 25.4 22.9 21.8 31.2 32.0 31.9 26.9 23.5 N/A38 25.1 26.3 26.3 24.6 30.8 26.0 29.1 21.3 26.8 30.0 34.5 30.1 27.6 24.2 N/A39 7.9 9.1 8.5 10.5 N/A40 32.6 30.2 30.2 34.7 39.3 34.2 32.6 24.8 28.8 35.4 46.6 37.8 33.9 29.9 N/A41 29.1 26.2 26.2 27.7 31.3 29.0 28.6 21.2 25.7 31.4 36.8 32.4 28.8 25.4 N/A42 28.8 26.0 26.0 26.7 29.6 27.3 27.4 22.0 25.5 31.3 38.2 33.6 28.5 25.1 N/A43 29.7 26.7 26.7 26.5 29.5 28.2 31.6 23.5 26.5 40.1 39.7 33.9 30.2 26.5 N/A44 27.6 27.6 33.0 30.9 25.5 29.1 18.6 28.0 36.7 38.3 40.2 30.5 26.4 N/A45 24.6 24.6 26.9 21.8 18.7 25.3 22.9 24.2 26.1 35.5 32.7 25.8 22.4 N/A46 30.9 28.9 28.9 29.2 40.4 35.1 31.5 22.3 27.7 29.9 46.2 28.3 31.6 27.8 N/A47 35.5 29.0 29.0 37.8 38.3 32.9 41.3 31.6 38.9 45.3 44.4 36.7 32.5 N/A48 31.2 30.1 30.1 33.5 39.1 36.5 34.7 26.7 28.4 32.3 41.2 35.3 33.3 29.3 N/A49 28.4 30.1 30.1 34.2 40.5 34.6 33.4 26.5 26.5 33.0 42.2 35.7 32.9 29.0 N/A50 28.6 27.5 27.5 34.3 43.7 30.6 34.4 26.3 26.3 33.5 37.9 34.6 32.1 28.2 N/A51 34.1 34.1 49.1 49.0 42.9 57.8 45.1 45.6 48.1 52.1 45.8 39.6 N/A
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 39
South Oxfordshire District Council
52 39.5 29.2 29.2 37.3 37.3 33.5 40.0 33.3 36.3 36.8 39.2 35.2 35.6 31.4 N/A53 23.8 23.0 23.0 29.2 28.1 25.9 21.7 27.3 29.4 38.3 41.4 28.3 24.9 N/A54 14.3 13.9 13.9 11.8 11.2 8.9 8.2 11.3 15.1 21.9 18.2 13.5 12.1 N/A57 35.4 31.9 31.9 34.0 30.6 24.1 45.3 44.0 37.5 42.1 30.7 39.4 35.6 31.3 N/A61 33.1 28.3 28.3 47.9 25.7 46.9 51.4 39.7 39.2 34.0 37.4 32.2 N/A63 26.5 20.5 20.5 20.6 16.5 18.8 15.7 19.2 20.4 25.9 28.2 21.2 18.5 N/A65 38.1 26.2 26.2 39.8 32.0 32.8 49.4 33.8 34.8 31.4 33.5 34.4 30.6 N/A66 26.9 23.9 23.9 25.0 19.8 17.4 19.0 14.7 20.4 24.8 35.0 32.6 23.6 21.1 N/A67 32.2 26.7 26.7 30.3 36.2 33.8 25.0 31.5 36.6 31.6 31.1 27.9 N/A68 21.4 21.2 21.2 20.3 21.2 22.8 13.7 20.8 22.9 24.8 23.0 21.2 18.4 N/A69 13.5 20.0 20.9 19.4 21.7 25.1 48.7 24.1 24.2 19.4 N/A70 32.4 29.6 29.6 35.6 34.6 34.2 34.5 34.6 37.1 41.6 41.0 35.0 31.0 N/A71 29.4 29.9 29.9 27.3 36.4 31.6 38.6 25.6 29.7 34.1 31.4 34.8 31.5 27.7 N/A72 53.2 55.5 55.5 59.9 56.8 54.9 42.4 60.2 45.7 57.2 56.5 54.4 47.3 29.673 40.8 31.8 31.8 33.0 36.2 26.1 39.2 32.2 35.7 38.8 39.2 40.9 35.5 31.3 N/A74 28.1 21.4 21.4 19.9 16.5 13.9 12.4 17.4 24.7 24.8 28.2 20.8 18.8 N/A75 29.0 31.3 31.3 19.1 30.5 26.9 29.4 23.7 28.1 36.8 35.0 32.0 29.4 25.9 N/A76 25.3 22.5 22.5 20.6 19.1 18.1 13.9 21.1 23.5 28.2 22.1 21.5 18.9 N/A77 25.8 27.6 27.6 25.8 32.7 31.1 27.2 16.2 23.0 29.6 30.8 26.6 27.0 23.9 N/A
☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure. With exception of S72, the monitoring sites that recorded values higher than 36µg/m3 are located adjacent to a receptor.
Notes:
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South Oxfordshire District Council
Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 are shown in bold.NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m3, indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined.(1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation.(2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure. See Appendix C for details on distance correction.(3) NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3) has been left blank for months in which data has not been recorded due to the diffusion tube being vandalised/stolen(3) Where N/A, the result obtained was not suitable for distance correction due to the location of the monitoring site (either adjacent to a dwelling or more than 15m away from relevant exposure)
NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m3) has been left blank for months in which data has not been recorded due to the diffusion tube being vandalised/stolen.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 41
South Oxfordshire District Council
Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC
In 2018 South Oxfordshire District Council changed diffusion tube provider, which
made it impossible to apply the national bias adjustment factor since the data
belong to two different laboratories: Gradko (Jan-April) and Socotec (May-
December). It’s also worth mentioning SODC’s were not included in the calculation of
the national bias adjustment factor to take part in this survey LAs must obtain 9
months of data when the automatic analyser has a data capture >75% and valid
diffusion tube data, which was not the case of SODC in 2018.
Using our local bias adjustment factor for this report was therefore the only option
this year. Out of the two co-locations in the district, the data used to calculate the
local BAF was the one in Wallingford’s AQMA, since the data capture (92%) was
much higher than that of Henley (76%).
Following Defra’s suggested best practice, due to the change in diffusion tube
provider mid-year, rather than defining a single bias adjustment figure across the two
laboratories, two separate bias factors were calculated. The first one was used to
adjust the data Jan-April 2018 (period 1) and the second one to correct the data May-
December 2018 (Period 2). A weighted average see formula below, of the two
periods was then applied to obtain the final bias adjusted figures.
The results obtained using the local BAF calculator for Period 1 and 2 are shown on
Figure C.1 and C.2 below.
In regard to the annualisation of diffusion tubes whose data capture was lower that
75%, S39 (St Leonards Church, Watlington) and S69 (Bartlett Close, Wallingford),
the background monitoring site chosen for the calculation was Lune Close, the only
other background site in the district for which we obtained 12 months of data in 2018.
Table C1 below shows this calculation.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 42
Biasadjusted NO2average for each site=¿
( 4monthaverage∗4monthbias factor∗412 )+(8monthaverage∗8monthbias factor∗812 )
South Oxfordshire District Council
For information on the performance of Socotec’s diffusion tubes and the analyser
annual graphs, see Figures C3 to C5 below.
Figure C.1 Result of Bias Factor Calculator for Period 1
Figure C.2 Result of Bias Factor Calculator for Period 2
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South Oxfordshire District Council
Table C.1 Annualisation of results obtained in S39 (St Leonards Church, Watlington) and S69 (Bartlett Close, Wallingford) where data capture was below 75%
MonthB1
(Lune Close)
D1 (St Leonards Church)
B1 when D1 available
D2 (Bartlett Close)
B1 when D2
available1 23.86 2 23.54 3 23.54 4 17.39 13.48 17.395 16.2 20 16.26 10.8 7.9 10.8 7 14.5 9.1 14.5 20.9 14.58 14.2 19.4 14.29 27 21.7 27
10 17.8 25.1 17.811 25.4 48.7 25.412 23 24.1 23
Mean: 19.77 8.50 12.65 24.17 19.44Ratio: 0.67 1.24
Annualised average: 13.28 24.59
Table C.1 (cont.) Annualisation of results obtained in S13 (68 High Street, Wallingford) where data capture was below 75%
Month B1 (Lune Close, Didcot) D1 (S13: 68 High Street, Wallingford)
B1 when D1 available
1 23.862 23.543 23.544 17.39 27.27 17.395 16.2 25.2 16.26 10.87 14.58 14.29 27 20 27
10 17.8 30.3 17.811 25.4 30.712 23 33.7 23
Mean 19.77 27.86 20.28Ratio (Ra) 0.97
Annualised average 27.16
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South Oxfordshire District Council
Figure C.4 Wallingford Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 45
Figure C.3 Henley Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph
South Oxfordshire District Council
For information on the distance correction calculation carried out, following the
guidance provided in LAQM.TG16, please see table C.3 below produced by means
of Defra’s NO2 fall off with distance Calculator. The background figure (11.57µg/m3)
was obtained averaging the figures provided in Defra’s Background NO2 Maps due to
poor data capture in background monitoring sites.
The concentration of NO2 decreases with distance from an emission source, this is
due to dispersion, deposition and chemical transformation. This suggest where
monitoring sites are not located adjacent to a dwelling, but between the receptor and
the road, the results obtained need to be distance corrected to be representative of
the NO2 levels at the receptor.
The data provided in the distance corrected column (first column on the right in Table
B.1 and Table C.3) is therefore the figure that should be considered to understand
NO2 levels in an area.
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Figure C.5 Watlington Continuous Analyser: 2018 Annual Graph
South Oxfordshire District Council
Figure C.7 Socotec and Gradko’s Diffusion tubes: QC/QA information
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 47
SOCOTEC
South Oxfordshire District Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 48
South Oxfordshire District Council
Figure C.6 Distance correction results for S72: Mendip Heights, Didcot
Enter data into the pink cells
Step 1 How far from the KERB was your measurement made (in metres)? 0 2 metres
Step 2 How far from the KERB is your receptor (in metres)? 0 31 metres
Step 3 What is the local annual mean background NO2 concentration (in µg/m3)? 0 19.77 mg/m3
Step 4 What is your measured annual mean NO2 concentration (in µg/m3)? 0 47.3 mg/m3
Result The predicted annual mean NO2 concentration (in µg/m3) at your receptor 29.6 mg/m3
Warning: your receptor is more than 20m further from the kerb than your monitor, treat result with caution
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South Oxfordshire District Council
Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 50
Figure D 7 Watlington AQMA and monitoring sites
South Oxfordshire District Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 51
Figure D.8 Henley AQMA and monitoring sites
South Oxfordshire District Council
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 52
Figure D.9 Wallingford AQMA and monitoring sites
South Oxfordshire District Council
Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in EnglandTable E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England
PollutantAir Quality Objective4
Concentration Measured as
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times a year 1-hour mean
40 µg/m3 Annual mean
Particulate Matter (PM10)
50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 24-hour mean
40 µg/m3 Annual mean
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 24 times a year 1-hour mean
125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 3 times a year 24-hour mean
266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year 15-minute mean
4 The units are in micrograms of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).
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South Oxfordshire District Council
Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 54
Roa
d so
urce
ca
tego
ry
Obj
ectiv
es o
f co
ncer
n
Crit
eria
Henley AQMA Wallingford AQMA Watlington AQMA
Meets the
criteria?
Why?Meets
the criteria
?Why?
Meets the
criteria?
Why?
Roads with a
high flow of
HDVs
Long andShor
t-Term
2,500 HDVs/day
- exposure
within 10m from
kerb
No<2,500 HDV's per day
No<2,500 HDV's per day
No<2,500 HDV's per day
Junctions
Long andShor
t-Term
10,000 vehicles/d
ay - exposure
within 10m from
kerb
No
No junctions (10,000
vehicles/day) within
AQMA
No
No junctions (10,000
vehicles/day) within
AQMA
No
No junction
s (10,000 vehicles/
day) within AQMA
New roads
constructed or
proposed since
the last round of Review
and Assessme
nt
Long andShor
t-Term
if no air quality
assessment
available from
planningapplication - 10,000vehicles/d
ay
NoNow new roads in AQMA
NoNow new roads in AQMA
No
Now new
roads in AQMA
Roads with
significantly
changed trafficflows
Long andShor
t-Term
25% traffic
increase on roads> 10,000 vehicles/d
ay -exposure
within 10m from
kerb
No
No significant changes in traffic
flows
No
No significant changes in traffic
flows
No
No significa
nt changes in traffic
flows
South Oxfordshire District Council
Glossary of Terms
Abbreviation Description
AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’
AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives
ASR Air quality Annual Status Report
Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England
EU European Union
FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System
LAQM Local Air Quality Management
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less
PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less
QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
PHE Public Health England
LES Low Emission Strategy
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References1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status, and respiratory health, 2010
2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006
3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013
4 SODC, 2015. Low Emission Strategy. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at:
http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/documents/s7214/SODC%20LES_2015_V3_Final%20edited%202.pdf
5 SODC, 2014. Air Quality Action Plan. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-
quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf
6 Oxfordshire District Councils, 2009. Oxfordshire Air Quality Website [online]. Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-
quality.info/
Other referenceshttps://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/loal-air-quality-management/south-oxfordshire
https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices
http://www.traveline.info/
https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality
https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=246
https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map.
LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 56
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