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REPORTOFPRELIMINARYFINDINGS

ExploringthecontextofbestpracticeinWHSinthefishingindustry

February2016

PreparedbyAlexandraThomas

IndependentResearcher,DirectorandPrincipalWorkHealth,SafetyandTrainingConsultant,AlexThomasPty.Ltd.

Introduction

Overthelasttwentyyears,theSouthAustralianfishingindustryhasforgedareputationasaprevailingstrengthdespiteachallengingeconomicclimate.Heavilydominatedbysmallfamilyownedbusinesses,theindustryisdividedintoamyriadofdifferentmarinecommodities,extractingproduceacrosshundredsofnauticalmilesandprocessingitinremotelandbasedfacilitiesdottedalongaruggedandunforgivingcoastline.Whilefirstgenerationimmigrantsformasignificantpartoftheindustrydemographic–theculture,comraderyandsenseofcommunityisaproudandtruereflectionofthe‘Aussiebattler’mentality.

However,notalliswellintheindustry.Sadly,inthe2012–2013year,theagriculture,forestryandfisheriesindustryindicatedasubstantiallyhigherinjuryandfatalityratethananyotherindustrynation-wide1.Ofthefishingrelatedincidentsreportedinthe2012–2013year,seriousinjuriesandfatalitiesinthefishingindustryincludedthecrushingofaneighteenyearoldworker’skneebetweenafreezerplateandahydraulicram,andthedeathoftwosharkfishermenaftertheirvesselsankintheGulfofStVincent.Furthermore,areportwrittenin2011byindependentresearcherKateBrooks2onbehalfoftheRuralIndustriesResearchandDevelopmentCorporationconcludedthatforanumberofreasons,thesestatisticsarerepresentativeofonly18%ofthefishingindustry’sparticipants–whichsuggeststhepotentialthattherearemanyotherseriousinjuriesunaccountedfor.

Inadditiontothechallengesassociatedwithreducingthenumberofseriousinjuriesandfatalities,theindustryisalsoimpactedby:

• anincreaseinrequiredinputversusadecreaseinreturn;• additionalrisksassociatedwithupsizinginordertosustaincommercialviability;• unprecedentedseasonalvariations;• aseverelackofavailable,skilledlabourtosupportindividualbusinesses;• fluctuatingmarketconditions;• therisingpriceoffuel,and;• perceivedoverregulation.

Althoughaseeminglycomplexstateofaffairs,overseasentitiesimplythatthereisacriticallinkbetweentheprofitabilityofthefishingindustry,andmaintainingapositive,proactiveworkhealthandsafetyculture.WhilemostsectorsoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustryhaveacknowledgedtheneedtoaddresscompliancewithworkhealthandsafety(WHS)legislation(whichislargelydrivenbyfearofprosecution),theSouthernRocklobsterLimited’s‘CleanGreenProgram’3istheonlyknownSouthAustralianexampletohavefurtherexploredthislink.

Furthermore,emergingevidencetosupportthecorrelationbetweenareductioninseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesandfishingindustryprofitabilityhasformedabasisforfurtherresearch,andavisiontoenableafishingindustrydriven,collaborativeapproachtowardsfosteringapositive,proactiveWHSculture.

Thisvisionisunderpinnedbythefollowingobjectives:

• toreducethenegativestigmaassociatedwithWHSbyidentifyingpractical,bestpracticesolutions;• toraiseawarenessamongstthefishingindustryandthebroadercommunityregardingWHS;• toengageruralwomenasanagentforculturechange,and;• toidentifywhetherthereisacapacitytoacceleratechangebasedontheknowncontextoftheindustryatpresent.

Findingsarisingfromthesuccessfulexecutionoftheresearchhavethepotentialtopromotethefollowing:

• adecreaseinthedirectcosttoindividualindustryassociationsandbusinessesasaresultofworkingcollaboratively;• improvedcompliancewithWHSlegislation;• aproactive,positivesafeworkculture,and;• apotentialreductioninthenumberofseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesthroughouttheindustry.

1. ThecurrentcontextofWHSintheSouthAustralianfishingindustry

ThestartingpointofthisresearchislargelyattributedtoinsightsandobservationsdrawnfrommypracticeasaWHSandtrainingconsultant.BasedontheLowerEyrePeninsulaintheself-professed‘SeafoodCapitalofAustralia’(PortLincoln),Ihaveworkedwithacrosssectionofinexcessofthirty-fivesmall,mediumandlargeSouthAustralianfishingbusinessesfromthewildcatch,aquacultureandseafoodsectors,fromJune2013topresent.

Withastrongemphasisonencouragingopen,two-waydialoguewithallofmyclients,methodsfortheextractionofinformationfromtheSouthAustralianfishingindustryinlieuofbenchmarkingmyperceptionoftheWHSculturehaveincluded:

• Formalandinformalconversationswithbusinessowners,directors,managers,supervisors,shopfloorworkersandthecommunity;

• ongoingliaisonwithindustrysectorassociations,non-governmentorganizationsandgovernmentrepresentatives;• theidentificationofmacrotrendsarisingfrom:

o therepeated,systematicapplicationofalegislativegapanalysistool,specificallydesignedforassessingWHScomplianceinthefishingindustry;

o thetailoringofWHSmanagementsystemsforanumberofbusinessesandsectorassociations,and;o thefacilitationofWHSinspectionsandaudits;

• attendancetoindustryseminarsandannualgeneralmeetings;• facilitationofWHSorientatedtrainingandconsultationforums,and;• informalreviewsofWHSandotherfishingindustryrelatedliteratureaslistedinCitations.

Assuch,Ihavedevelopedrelationshipswiththefollowingkeystakeholders:

• PaulWatson,ExecutiveOfficer,SouthAustralianSardineIndustryAssociation;• SimonClark,ExecutiveOfficer,SpencerGulfandWestCoastPrawnFisherman'sAssociation;• MichaelCoates,ExecutiveOfficer,AbaloneIndustryAssociationofSouthAustralia(alsoalegalrepresentativefor

severalfishingbusinessesinWHSrelatedtrials);• JonasWoolford,Chairman,WildCatchFisheries;• RossHodge,ExecutiveOfficer,SouthernRocklobsterLtd.;• JustinPhillips,ExecutiveOfficer,SouthAustralianRockLobsterAdvisoryCouncilIncorporated;• BrianJeffries,ChiefExecutive,AustralianSouthernBluefinTunaIndustryAssociation;• AndrewPuglisi,ManagingDirector,KinkawookaMusselsPty.Ltd.;• SimonTurner,BoardMemberfromtheSouthAustralianOysterGrowersAssociation;• DionDorward,ChiefExecutiveOfficer,RegionalDevelopmentAustralia(EyrePeninsula);• ChristianPyke,SouthAustraliaRegionalDevelopmentManager,AgrifoodSkillsAustraliaPty.Ltd.;• RobKerin,ChairofPrimaryProducersofSouthAustraliaandformerLiberalpartyPremierofSouthAustralia;• KateBrooks,PhD,ARLF,GAICD,DirectorandSocialScientist,KALAnalysis;• TanyaAdams,ManagerHealth,Safety,EnvironmentandQualityatRJVincentandCo(alongtimeconsultanttothe

SouthandWesternAustralianfishingindustries);• RebeccaLang,Principal,RebeccaLangConsulting(formerManagerLearningandOrganizationalDevelopment,Primary

IndustriesandRegionsSouthAustralia),and;• JimSinclair,PrincipalLiaisonOfficer,SafeWorkSA,Attorney-General’sDepartmentoftheAustralianGovernment.

Contributingfactors

CommonthemesarisingfromdiscussionsheldwithmembersoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustryregardingWHShavehighlightedseveralcontributingfactorstothecurrentcontextofWHSwithintheindustry.Therigidandcyclicnatureoftherelationshipbetweeneachofthesefactorsunderpinsthedeeplyentrenchedbeliefsystemsofthosewithintheindustry,whichinturncatalysestheimmobilityoftheindustry’scapacitytopromotepositive,proactiveculturechange.

Figure1.ContributingfactorstothecurrentcontextofWHSintheSouthAustralianfishingindustry

Legislationandcompliance

Legislation

In2012,theCommonwealthofAustralia(SafeWorkAustralia)introducedthenewlyharmonizedmodelWHSlawstoparticipatingstatesandterritories;includingSouthAustralia.Whileatagoverningauthorityleveltheharmonizationwassuccessfulinreducingidentifiedanomaliesandcreatingalignmentbetweenitsparticipants,theSouthAustralianfishingindustry’slackofpriorknowledgeandunderstandingperpetuatedastateofconfusion.Inadditiontothisandlikemanyotherindustries,theSouthAustralianfishingindustryisalsosubjecttoacompositearrayofintermittentlyoverlappingWHSrelatedlegislation.

Prescribedinvaryinglevelsofdetail,thedisjointedrelationshipbetweenavarietyofdifferentActs,Regulations,CodesofPracticeandguidancenotesoncommontopicssuchasfoodsafety,health,hygiene,emergencyresponse,incidentreportingandinjurymanagementisfurtheramplifiedbytherespectivegoverningauthority’sinabilitytoprovidecleardirectionuponbeingcontextualizedtotheSouthAustralianfishingindustry.IntersectionsbetweenthefollowinglegislationasapplicabletotheSouthAustralianfishingindustryincludes,butisnotlimitedto:

• FairWorkAct2009;• FairWorkRegulations2009;• FoodAct2001;• FoodRegulations;• HarborsandNavigationAct1993;• InternationalSafetyManagementCode;

• UniformShippingLawsCode;• NationalStandardforCommercialVessels;• WHSAct2012;• WHSRegulations2012;• WorkCoverCorporationAct1994,and;• WorkCoverCorporationRegulations2012.

Legislafonandcompliance Lackofindustryspecific

resourcesThe‘toohardbasket’

factor

IndustryleadershipUninformedaboutWHS Verylimitedconfnuous

improvement

WHSisn’tapriority Perpetuatesalackofawarenesswithinthe

industry

Silencecondonescurrentbehaviour

Governmentauthority Fearofpenalfes/lossofemployment/producfvity Incidentsnotreported

Availabilityandpercepfonofcost

Furthermore,in2002,theAustralianMaritimeSafetyAuthority(AMSA)commencedthestagedintroductionoftheNationalStandardforCommercialVessels(NSCV)asabenchmarkforcompliancewithgeneralvesselsafetyrequirements,andareplacementoftheUniformShippingLawsCode.Withacommendableobjective‘toidentifyandmanageriskonboardvesselsbyencouragingthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofanongoingsafetyculture’4,theNSCVPartEOperationshasadoptedaprescriptiveapproachtowardsstipulatingtheminimumsafetyrequirementsfortheoperationofdomesticcommercialvessels.

WhiletheNSCVhasbeensuccessfulinpromptingindustryactioninprogressingtowardscompliance,ithasalsoaddedtothecomplexityofthelegislativelandscapeoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustry.Largelyfocusedontherisksassociatedwithoffshoreactivities,theNSCVPartE'slackofemphasisonavesselowner’sneedtomanagetherisksassociatedwithonshorerelatedfishingactivities(e.g.vesselmaintenanceandseafoodprocessing)hasthepotentialtorenderfurtherconfusiononhowtoidentifythepotentialgapsandbecomeallinclusively‘compliant’.Forexample,anoysterfarmerwithapre-existingWHSmanagementsystembasedonthemodelWHSlawswillberequiredto:

• EnsureathoroughunderstandingoftheintricaciesoftheirexistingWHSmanagementsystem;• ascertainathoroughunderstandingoftherequirementsoftheNSCVPartE;• basedontherequirementsoftheNSCVPartE,conductagapanalysisontheirexistingWHSmanagementsystem;• makenecessaryadjustmentstotheirexistingWHSmanagementsystemtosuittherequirementsoftheNSCVPartE,or,

developandsegregateonshoreactivitiesfromoffshoreactivities;• seekclarificationandendorsementfrombothSafeWorkSAandAMSAonanymisalignmentbetweenthetwosystems

e.g.terminologyused,overlappingsystems,and;• undertakeextensiveworkforcedevelopmentinordertoensureathoroughunderstandingbetweenbothsystems/the

mergingofthetwo.

Atthetimeoftheresearch,neitherAMSAnorSafeWorkSAwereabletoprovideclearguidanceonhowthisshouldbeexecuted,nordidthereexistanyformalplanforfurtheraddress.

Furthermore,alikelyoutcomeofthewidelyacknowledged‘redtapeepidemic’,manySouthAustralianfishermenaremoreinclinedtoassimilatetheterm‘legislation’withtheheavilyregulatedenvironmentalconditionsenforcedbytheDepartmentofAgricultureandWaterResources(Fisheries)andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority,thanthatofWHS.Withaheavieroff-shorepresenceandademonstratedcapacitytoshutabusinessdownuponbreachofcompliance,bothenvironmentalandfoodsafetylegislationcontinuetotakeprecedenceoverthatofWHSlegislation.

Interpretation

ChallengesassociatedwiththeinterpretationofWHSlegislationintomeaningfulandrelevantinformationforSouthAustralianfishingbusinesseshasalsoinhibitedtheindustry’sprogressiontowardsWHScompliance.Regionalforumshostedbygovernmentauthoritiesfortherolloutofthenewlyharmonizedlegislationwerelargelygeneric,andheavilyorientatedaroundincreasedpenaltiesfornon-compliance.Coupledwithalackofindustryspecific,interpretativeresources,commonthemesandmisperceptionsarisingfromwithinthefishingindustryinclude:

• WHSlegislationastotallyinapplicable(i.e.particularlyforsoletraders,familyorsmallbusinesses);• theintroductionofthemodelWHSlawswasanentirelynewsetoflegislation(i.e.intheabsenceofknowledgeand

understandingoftheformeroccupationalhealthandsafetylegislation);• WHSlegislationisonlyapplicabletominingandotherheavyindustry;• WHSlegislationcouldbecollectivelyoverthrownbytheindustry(duetoitsperceivedinapplicability);• theprimaryobjectiveofWHSlegislationistoraisegovernmentrevenue;• compliancewithfoodsafetylegislation,vesselsurveyrequirements,operatorlicensingrequirementsand/orthe

implementationofaqualitymanagementsystemequatestocompliancewithWHSlegislation;• topurchaseandretainagenericWHSmanual(e.g.asavailableonline)equatestocompliancewithWHSlegislation;• WHSlegislationandsubsequentpenaltiescanbeinsuredagainst;• advicecouldnotbesoughtonhowtocomplywithWHSlegislationfromanyoneotherthanthegovernmentauthority

orasolicitor;• WHSandpublichealthandsafetyareoneofthesamething;• thosewithabasicunderstandingofWHSlegislationwerelargelyunsureofhowtotranslatethoseobligationsintotheir

practice;• abeliefthatwhilstworkingoffshore,fishermenare‘outofsight,outofmind’fromtheeyeofgovernmentauthorities;• manybusinessesremainspookedbytheemphasisonincreasedpenalties,and;• manybusinessesviewWHScomplianceassimply,‘toohardbasket’.

ChallengesarisingfromtheSouthAustralianfishingindustryintheirinterpretationandapplicationoftheuniversalyetheavilycontextualisedlegislationaroundhigh-riskactivities(e.g.diving,workinconfinedspacesandthestorageanduseofhazardouschemicals)hasalsoheightenedtheneedfortheprovisionofindustryspecificresources.Whilemuchworkisrequiredinordertoforgeaclearpathforwardsfortheindustry,theAbaloneIndustryAssociationofSouthAustraliahastakenproactivestepsinthedevelopmentandimplementationoftheirown‘DivingCodeofPractice’,astheirresponsetotheinapplicabilityofthemodelWHSdivingregulations5(whicharelargelyfocusedonmanagingtheriskassociatedwithcommercialdivingoperations,andnotfishing).

Whileotherhighriskindustries(e.g.mining,constructionandtransport)haveaccesstoavarietyofdifferentfreeinterpretativeresources–forexample,modelCodesofPractice–resourcesforthefishingindustryareyettobedeveloped.AreviewofthestrategicplansforbothSafeWorkSAandSafeWorkAustraliahavehighlightedtheinclusionofthenowamalgamatedagriculture,fishingandforestryindustriesasabroadtopicforfurtheraddress;howeverdidnotelaborateonanyspecificactiontobeundertakenonbehalfofthefishingindustry.

Industryleadership

Presidedbyexecutiveofficersfrombothfishingrelatedandnon-fishingrelatedbackgrounds,theSouthAustralianfishingindustryisdividedintoanumberofcommoditysectors.Heavilydominatedbyfishingbusinessowners,committeeswithinindustrysectorassociationsactastheprimarydecisionmakingbodyforallpayingmembersoftheirrespectivesectorassociation.

Acornerstoneforthedeliberationofbothsectorandfishingindustryrelatedinitiativesandopportunitiesforimprovement,sectorassociationshavebeenpivotalinthedemonstrationofindustryleadership,continualimprovementandtheoverallsuccessofeachfishery.

Sadly,sectorassociationsdonotrecognizeWHSasapriorityforinclusionintheirTermsofReference,northeirongoingstrategyforimprovement.Intheabsenceofdemonstrated,visibleindustryleadership,thisthenperpetuatesalackofawarenessoftheimportanceofWHSwithinintheindustry–theirsilencecondoningcurrentpracticeandthusinhibitingtheculturechangeprocess.

AlthoughthebroaderAustralianfishingindustryhascomealongwayfromthedaysofbravingperilouslyhighseasandprecariouslyoverloadingtheirwoodenvesselsbeyondsubmersionofthegunwales–muchworkisstillrequiredinordertoimprovetheexistingWHSculture.WhileaconsiderablenumberofsectorassociationshavebeensomewhatindustriousinacknowledgingtheneedtobecomecompliantwithWHSlegislation,thenatureoftheiracknowledgmentremainssomewhatinert.Contrarytothatofenvironmentallegislation,sectorassociationsarereticenttoofferongoingsupporttotheirmembersinlieuofbecomingcompliantwithWHSlegislation.UnderpinnedbytheknowledgethatWHSlegislationisregulatedagainsttheindividualbusinessandnottheindustryasawhole,sectorassociationshavebeenproactiveinengagingconsultantsfortheprovisiongenericWHSmanagementsystems–howeverdonotrecognisethereputationalriskassociatedwithnon-compliance,northelinkbetweenareductioninseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesandindustryprofitability.Furthermore,sectorassociationsremainillequippedtoaidtheimplementationprocess,norverifythatconsultant-suppliedproducts/adviceisfitforpurpose.

InAugust2014,IdevelopedandcirculatedaSouthAustralianfishingindustrywideproposaltoprovidecollaborativeassistanceacrosseachsector;aswellasanopportunitytodistributethecostsassociatedwithengagingaconsultant.Theproposalwasrejectedwithoutresponse–heighteningmyaspirationtoconductthisresearch.

Theindividualviewsandopinionsofindustryleaders(i.e.directors,managersandsupervisors)fromwithinSouthAustralianfishingbusinessesremainvaried;andareofteninfluencedbythescaleandnatureofthebusiness,itsprofitability,theageandexperienceprofileoftheindividualandtheirlevelofriskperceptionandacceptance.NotdissimilartotheopinionsexpressedinanyotherAustralianindustry,viewsonWHSrangefrom‘justcommonsense’to‘essentialinthisdayandage’and‘totallyunnecessary’.Unarguably,thereisasharedsenseofdiscomfortuponbroachofthetopicofWHS.

Onamoreorganiclevel,leadershipfromwithintheindustryisalsoexemplifiedbythefishermen’sinherentabilitytoproblemsolve.Asnaturalengineers,manysmallbusinessownersfromtheSouthAustralianfishingindustryarediligentindesigningandmanufacturingtheirownplantandequipmentsafeguards;particularlyforolderplantandequipmentthathasnotbeenmanufacturedincompliancewithWHSlegislation,letaloneAustralianStandards.Whilethisthenhasthepotentialtocreatecomplianceissuesinrelationtoplantandequipmentmodificationsnotbeingdonetospec–theinherentriskassociatedwithusingthepieceofplantorequipmenthasnonethelessbeenreduced.Theseimprovementshavethepotentialtosignificantlyreducethenumberofseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesindustrywide,howeverarenotbroadlycommunicated.Inaddition,therootcauses,contributingfactorsandlessonslearntfromseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesarealsonotrelayedthroughouttheindustry;thusonceagaininhibitingthecontinualimprovementprocessandthepreventionofreoccurringseriousinjuriesandfatalities..

Availabilityandperceptionofcost

TheIndustrialSafetyActwasfirstintroducedtoSouthAustraliain1972andwaslatersupersededbytheOccupationalHealthandSafetyActin1986.AlthoughWHSlegislationhasexistedinSouthAustraliaforoverthirtyyears,theWHSprofessionisstillintheprocessofbeingrealised;andhenceveryfewspecialistresourcesexistoutsideofthosededicatedtoheavyindustry(i.e.miningandconstruction).ThedemandforqualityWHSservicesfromwithinheavyindustryhasresultedinproportionallyhighchargeoutrates,whichhashadaflowoneffectintootherindustries.Inaddition,theavailabilityofWHSconsultantsinregionalareas(letalonethosewithexperienceinfisheries)hasmadeitallthemorechallengingfortheSouthAustralianfishingindustrytoworktowardsbecomingcompliant.ThisinturnhasfueledthenegativestigmaassociatedwithWHSasnotonlycomplex,butcostlyanddifficulttosource.

Notdissimilartoaccounting,legalservicesoranyotherconsultancyservice–alackofdetailedknowledgeandunderstandingoftheprofessionalsocontributestotheskepticismoffishingbusinessownersinnothavingtheknowledgetoverifywhetherornotheorsheis‘gettingtheirmoney’sworth’.Thismakesitdifficultforconsultancybusinessestoremainprofitablewithinregionalareas,onceagainreinforcingtheirscarcity.

Governmentauthorities

SeriousinjuriesandfatalitiesintheSouthAustralianfishingindustryarerenownedforattractingtheoftenoverwhelmingattentionofmultiplegoverningauthorities,includingSafeWorkSA,thepolice,AMSAandtheDepartmentofFisheries.ThereactivenatureofSafeWorkSA’sresponsetoseriousinjuriesandfatalitieshasoftenresultedinindustrywidescrutiny;forexample,blanketauditing–whichisaperceivedformof‘shocktactic’,usedwiththeintentofscaringbusinessownersintobecomingmorecompliant.CoupledwithSafeWorkSA’sheavyemphasisonincreasedpenaltiesfornon-compliance(i.e.asseeninregionalworkshops),thisinturnhasentrenchedadeepfearofgovernmentauthority,andthusthehesitationofindividualbusinessestoformallyreportincidents,aswellastoproactivelyengagewithSafeWorkSAforfurtherguidanceandsupport.

Alackofpositive,proactiveandvisiblepresencefromSafeWorkSAamongsttheSouthAustralianfishingindustryhasalsostrengthenedtheperceptionthatSafeWorkSA’sprimaryobjectiveisonlytorespondtoanincident/toregulate–ratherthantoprovideadviceandassistance.

AlthoughSafeWorkSAhasregionalofficeslocatedinPortLincoln,WhyallaandPortAugusta,accessibilityremainslimitedforbusinessesrequiredtotravelsignificantdistances.Accesstoonlineresourcesisalsodifficulttoreachforthosewithoutcomputerskills,noranyidea‘wheretostart’.Theindustry’sfearandhesitationofdrawingtheattentionofgovernmentauthorityintotheirworkplacesalsopreventsthemfromseekingfurtheradvice.

Aframeworkforsuccess

BasedontheknowncontextoftheWHScultureintheSouthAustralianfishingindustry,Idevelopedthefollowingframeworkasaplatformformyresearch.Underpinnedbyorganisationalpsychologyorientatedconceptsacquiredfrommyworkinotherindustries,theframeworkimpliesthatbestpracticeacrossallelementsoftheframeworkarerequiredinordertofosterapositive,proactivechangetoWHSculture.

Itiscriticaltohighlightthatwithoutthepresenceofastrong,visibleleadershipculture,change,andareductioninseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesissignificantlylesslikelytooccur.

Figure2.WHSculturalframework

Internationalbestpractice

EarlydiscussionswithkeystakeholdersintheSouthAustralianfishingindustryhighlightedacommon,industrywideacknowledgementthatNorwegianfisheriesareinternationallyrecognizedfortheirbestpracticeinfisheriesmanagement.Oneofthelargestexportersoffishworldwide,Norway6isalsorenownedforhavingthehighestHumanDevelopmentIndexranking(percapita)intheworld,aswellasrankingthirdinternationallyforthelowestfatalityincidencerateper100,000workers.FatalitiesintheNorwegianfishingfleet1990–20117providesdatatosuggestthatnotonlydoesthisrankingreflectthecurrentcontextoftheNorwegianfishingindustry,butthatthefatalityincidentratealsocontinuestodecreaseovertime.Profoundevidenceofthelinkbetweenareductioninseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesandindustryprofitability,Norwaythenbecamethefocalpointfortheresearch.

2. MethodologyKeyelementsofthemethodologyoftheresearchincluded:

1. FindandreviewonlinecontentregardingtheNorwegianfishingindustry;

2. identifyandestablishrelationshipswithkeystakeholdersfromtheNorwegianfishingindustry;

3. discussthecontextoftheresearchandseekguidanceonfacilitatinghighlevel,semi-structuredinterviewswithkeystakeholdersinNorway,and;

4. developandconductsemi-structuredinterviews.

Itinerary

Date Destination Interviewee(s)

Thursday,3rdSeptember2015 Ålesund SverreJohansen,DirectorofIndustryAffairs–NorwegianSeafoodFederation

KnutHelgeVestre,ChiefExecutiveOfficer–ColdwaterPrawnsofNorwayAS

Paul-GustavRemøy,Avdelingsleder(DepartmentManager)–Fiskebåt(FishingVesselOwner’sAssociation)

InformaldiscussionswithlocalsmallbusinessfishermenattheÅlesundwharf.

Tuesday,8thSeptember2015 Tromsø KarinOlsen,Dagligleder(ChiefExecutiveOfficer)–LyngenRekerAS

Wednesday,9thSeptember2015 Tromsø RogerB.Larsen,AssociateProfessor–FacultyofBiosciences,FisheriesandEconomics,TheArcticUniversityofNorwayUIT

JahnPetterJohnsen,Professor–FacultyofBiosciences,FisheriesandEconomics,TheArcticUniversityofNorwayUIT

Semi-structuredinterviewquestions

Thesemi-structuredinterviewquestionsweredesignedtoelicitinformationaboutbestpracticeineachofthefiveelementsoftheWHSculturalframework–thatare,leadershipculture,individualbehaviours,systems,physicalenvironmentandequipment.

Challengesassociatedwithconductingtheresearch

• Socialchallengesassociatedwithbeing‘accepted’asayoungwomaninanunfamiliar,ageingandheavilymaledominatedindustry(theSouthAustralianfishingindustry);

• myownlackofexperienceandknowledgeregardingfishing,theindustryandotherrelatedtopics;

• hesitationofmembersoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustrytoenterdiscussionsaboutWHS;

• aperceptionthatmypreviousexperiencesinminingandconstructionmaybeirrelevantortoocomplextobeappliedinthecontextoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustry;

• time-zone,languageandaccessibilityconstraintsassociatedwithidentifyingandbuildingrapportwithkeystakeholdersfromtheNorwegianfishingindustry(conductedviaonlinecorrespondenceonly,receivingonlyoneresponsefromonestakeholderoffifteenattempts);

• alackofaccessibilitytokeyNorwegianWHS/fishingrelatedliterature(aswritteninNorwegian);

• alimitedcapacitytodedicatetimeandotherresourcestotheresearchasaresultoffinancesandothercommitments,and;

• thetimeboundnatureoftheresearchasarequirementofbeingtherecipientofthe2014RuralYouthBursary8.

3. Findings

ExploringthecontextofbestpracticeofWHSintheNorwegianfishingindustry

InresponsetothecurrentcontextofWHSintheSouthAustralianfishingindustry,thefollowingfindingsprovideanoverviewofthecontextofbestpracticeofWHSintheNorwegianfishingindustry.OtheremergingthemeshavealsobeenconveyedascriticalmilestonesintheNorwegianfishingindustry’sjourneytosuccess;andhavebeenincludedinordertoenabletheidentificationofpotentialleversforpositive,proactiveculturechangeintheSouthAustralianfishingindustry.

Legislation

TheNorwegianfishingindustryissubjecttoanarrayofoverlappingWHSrelatedlegislation.Describedas‘complex,butstable’,theindustryappearstohaveacceptedlegislativerequirementsasanintegralpartofhavingaprofitablebusiness.

Partlyasaresultofthehighstandardofcomplianceimpliedbythejuxtaposedmarinetransportandoilandgasindustries,theNorwegianSeafoodFederation(onshorefishingrelatedactivities)andFishingVesselOwnersAssociation(offshorefishingrelatedactivities)havebeenequippedtoprovidesupportandguidanceonhowtointerpretandtailortherequirementsofWHSlegislationtotheNorwegianfishingindustry.Bothindustrybodiesclaimthatthereisgoodcooperationbetweenthegovernmentauthorityandtheindustry,thoughtheindustryhassuggestedthatmorecouldbedoneinprovidingcleardirectionintheinterpretationofthelaw.ThegovernmentauthoritydoesnotprovidetheNorwegianfishingindustrywithanyindustryspecifictrainingorotherresources,thoughisdiligentinpromotingWHSawarenessandlegislativecomplianceviamedia.

TheInternationalSafetyManagementCode(asadoptedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization)andotherinternationalconventionsaresaidtohavehadaprevailinginfluenceontheNorwegianfishingindustry’smovementtowardscompliance.Thereisconcern,howeverofanotabledisplacementofindividualresponsibility–wherebyWHSisnowperceivedasa‘boxtickingexercise’,asopposedtoatruereductioninworkplacerisk–apresumedflowoneffectfromthestandardsimposedbytheNorwegianoilandgasindustry.

TheNorwegianfishingindustryiscurrentlyworkingtowardsthedevelopmentandimplementationofacertifiedvesselsafetymanagementsystemforsubmissionandapprovalbygoverningauthoritiespriortothe1stofApril2016.Vesselswillnotbepermittedtogotoseawithoutcertification.

Industryleadership

Drivenbyfishingindustrydemand,theNorwegianSeafoodCouncilandFishingVesselOwner’sAssociationhavebeenestablishedinordertoformacollectiverepresentationofallsectorsoftheNorwegianfishingindustry.AcentralpointofcontactandaconduitbetweentheNorwegianfishingindustryandgoverningauthorities,bothpartiesarehousedwithinthesamebuildinginÅlesund,andworksimultaneouslytoprovidehighlevelsupporttotheindustryinaddressingabroadrangeofdifferenttopics.AlsosupportedbytheNorwegianSeafoodFederation,topicsincludebutarenotlimitedto:WHS,quality,foodsafety,traderegulations,marketingandindustrialrelationsmatters.

Empoweredbystrongrelationshipswithmembersoftheindustryandawealthoffishingrelatedtertiaryqualificationsandexperience,bothpartieshaveforgedacommonlanguageinordertoraisethebarinperceivedprofessionalism,businesssophistication,adherencetocorporatesocialresponsibilityandthepromotionoftheNorwegianfishingindustryingeneral.Thishasbeenparticularlyvaluableinaddressingchallengesassociatedwiththeinterpretationandapplicabilityofoverlappingandnon-industryspecificlegislation(i.e.oilandgasversusfishing).

Whilethesenon-governmentorganizationsdonotprovidegenericWHSmanagementsystemstotheindustry,internalresources(i.e.WHSspecialists)havebeenmadeaccessibleforthepurposeofprovidinggeneralsupportandadviceonWHSrelatedmatters.Outreachprogramsarealsofacilitatedinordertopromotetheindustry’sawarenessofbasicWHS.

Governingauthorities

ThereisavisiblepresencethroughouttheNorwegianfishingindustrybyNorwegiangoverningauthorities,andwhilethereisahealthyfearofpenaltiesfornon-compliance,‘blanketauditing’isnotamechanismusedtoenforcecompliance.Theauthorityconductsbothplannedandunplannedchecksonbothoffshoreandonshorefishing-relatedactivitiesandthereisnotablygoodcooperationbetweentheindustryandgovernmentauthority.

Transparencyaroundthereportingofincidentsishighlightedasanopportunityforimprovement,asfurtherclarityissoughtonwhatlevelofincidentrequiresformalreporting.

Priortothecommencementofthemainfishingseason,thegovernmentauthorityisdiligentinissuingWHSalertsbasedonthefindingsseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesfromtheprecedingseason.Forexample,lessonslearntfrominjuriessustainedasaresultoftheincorrectremovalofthegallbladderfromcodfishweredistributedinthe2015season.

Theexpectationofasafeworkenvironment

Establishedintheearly1900s,thehighlyfunctionalNorwegianSeafarers'UnionandNorwegianFisherman’sAssociationhaveplayedakeyroleinincreasingthedemandforsaferworkenvironmentsthroughouttheNorwegianfishingindustry.

Theprofoundlydistributedview-pointsofsocialdemocratsinadditiontoastrongpushfromaformerLaborpartytoimproveminimumWHSstandardshasalsohadaprevailinginfluenceinfosteringgenerationalchangeandreinforcingtherightsoftheworker.

AsaresultofthepresenceofUnions,workersnowfeelasthoughtheyhaveavoice;andareacutelyawareoftheirentitlementtosafeworkconditions.Thereisnolongeranyacceptancefor‘rulebreaking’orthenegationofemployersinfulfillingtheirobligationstowardsWHS.Thisinturnputspressureonemployerstoraisethebenchmarkincomplianceinordertoattractandretainskilledlabour–particularlywhilstindirectcompetitionwiththeoilandgasindustry.

Theflowoneffectoftheoilandgasindustry

WhiletheintroductionoftheoilandgasindustrytotheNorthSeainthelate1960shashadavastlypositiveimpactontheNorwegianeconomy,ithasperpetuatedanumberofsignificantchallengesfortheNorwegianfishingindustry.Theseinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

• Difficultyinattractingandretainingskilledlabourasaresultof:o higherpaidwages;o betterworkingconditions;o moreopportunitiesforcareeradvancement;o shorterandmoreconsistentrosterarrangements,and;o asaferworkenvironment.

• AperceivedpressuretoincreasecompliancewithWHSlegislationduetothehighstandardsetbytheoilandgasindustry;

• anincreaseinfeeschargedbyWHSconsultantsandothertradespersonsinproportiontothewealthoftheoilandgasindustry,and;

• heavyemphasisonWHScomplianceasacumbersome‘boxtickingexercise’,asopposedanactualreductioninworkplacerisk.

UponrealisingtheseeminglyunsurmountablewealthoftheNorwegianoilandgasindustryandthedisproportionatecostsassociatedwithattracting‘therightworkers’(inattempttocompensateforlessattractiveworkconditions),theNorwegianfishingindustrymadeashifttowardsdevelopingabetteremploymentpackageforattractingworkers;aswellassourcinglabourfromadjoiningcountries(i.e.Latvia,Poland,EstoniaandLithuania).TheexpansionoftheEuropeanUnionin2004aidedthisprocess,andfishingindustrykeystakeholdersacknowledgethathadthisnotoccurred,thefishingindustrymaynothavesurvived.

AchangeoffocusTraditionally,theprofitabilityoftheNorwegianfishingindustrywaslargelyunderpinnedbyadeeplyentrenched‘huntingandgathering’mentalityandaninherentfocusontheendproduct;ratherthanthemarketabilityoftheproductandtheoptimisationoftheentiresupplychainprocess.Aswithanysignificantchange,timehasbeenacriticalfactorintheevolutionoftheNorwegianfishingindustrytothesuccessstorythatitistoday.Perceivedtohavetakenapproximately30–40yearstoreachitscurrentposition,therootcauseofthechangeislargelyattributedtotheindustryhavingbeenfacedwithsignificantfinancialdifficultiesasaresultofanumberofcontributingfactorsovertime.Factorsinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

• Thecollapseoftheherringstocksinthe1960s;• competitionforskilledlabourwiththeoilandgasindustry;• increasedcostsassociatedwithengagingsupportingservices(i.e.WHSconsultantsandtradespersons);• aspateofseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesinthe1970s;• theintroductionoffisheriesmanagementandquotasystems,and;• theexpectationofahighstandardofWHScomplianceasaflowoneffectfromtheoilandgasindustry.

Manybusinessownersretreatedfromthefishingindustryandsoughtemploymentintheoilandgassector.Theremainderofbusinessownerswerethentaskedwiththeonerousdecisionofeitherresumingthecurrentstateofplay(withthepotentialtolapseintobankruptcy),or,toembracevulnerabilityandgrowfromtheexperience.WhilealotoftheNorwegianfishingindustryremainsunchanged,theleadershipculturefromwithinbothindustryassociationsandindividualentitieshaveforgedthewayinchangingthefaceoftheindustry.Inordertoeffectpositivechange,theNorwegianfishingindustryneededtoacknowledgethefollowing:

• Theneedtocollaborateinordertobecomesuccessful;• afocuspurelybasedonvolumeandproductalonewillresultinstrainontheindividual;• anunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheendproductandthesource(‘garbagein,garbageout’theory),and;• alackofprofitabilitywillresultinstrainonthequalityoftheworkenvironment(andthereforetheabilitytoattract

andretaintherightpeople).

Acollaborativebusinessventurebetweenthreeformerlystrugglingprawnbusinesses,ColdWaterPrawnsAS9isnowthelargestexporterofArtic,cold-waterprawnsinNorway.‘Sincebeingfoundedin2007/2008,ColdWaterPrawnsAShasincreaseditsmarketshareofNorwegian-caughtcoldwaterprawnsfromjustunder45%tomorethan90%today.In2011,thecompanystarteditsownproductioncompanyinSenjahopen,Norway.CPN'soperatingrevenuesincreasedfromNOK15millioninitsfirstyearofoperationin2008toNOK439millionin2014.’10Byrecognisingtheimportanceofgeneratingsustainability,thenow‘bigplayers’intheNorwegianfishingindustryhavefocusedonevolvingfrombeing‘justfishermen’,tosophisticatedbusinesspeople.Theirjourneytosuccesshasincluded,butisnotlimitedto:

• Establishmentofamarketvisionwithastrongemphasisonboththemarketandtheconsumer;• identificationofnichemarketsandexpansionintoothercommoditieswherepossible;• developmentofrobustcorporatebrandingstrategies;• understandingoflegalobligationsinordertoallowmorefocusontheconsumerandthemarket;• ongoinganalysisofcostmarginsandopportunitiesforfurtherimprovement;• adoptionofstartofthearttechnology;• effectivemanagementofchangeassociatedwiththe‘quotashock’;• empoweringofeachandeveryindividualinvolvedinthesupplychaintotakeownershipintheirrolesand

responsibilities,and;• understandingoftheimportanceofensuringgoodcommunicationandgoodrelationshipsthroughouttheentire

process.

CurrentchallengesfortheNorwegianfishingindustryWhiletherehavebeenmanyimprovementsmadetotheNorwegianfishingindustryovertime,theindustryacknowledgesforthcomingchallengesinitsmanagementof:

• Afalseperceptionofrisk,asaresultofaflowoneffectfromtheoilgasindustry’sperceivedinterpretationofWHSintoa‘boxtickingexercise’;

• seasonalityandtheregulationofhoursofwork,and;• communicationissuesassociatedwithengagingforeignlabour.

4. DiscussionWhilemyoriginalthoughtsontheconceptofidentifyingbestpracticeintheNorwegianfishingindustryandre-introducingittotheSouthAustralianfishingindustryhadmerit–thesignificanceofunderstandingtheaetiologyofbestpracticehasbecomecriticalinensuringitsapplicability,credibilityandsustainabilitytotheindustryasawhole.Thetaskof‘identifyingbestpractice’insuchashortperiodoftimewouldhavealsopromptedasignificantnarrowingofthescopeoftheresearch,andthuswouldhaveinhibiteditspotentialtofosterindustrywidechange.

Ashighlightedinthetablebelow,surprisingsimilaritiesbetweenthechallengesenduredbytheNorwegianfishingindustryandthosecurrentlyfacedbytheSouthAustralianfishingindustryhaveuncoveredanunrealisedpotentialfortheSouthAustralianfishingindustrytofasttrackitsjourneytosuccess.Auniqueopportunityinitself,thedecisionwillremainwiththeindustry’scapacityandabilitytorecognizeandactaccordingly.

ChallengessurpassedbytheNorwegianfishingindustry1960-2007

CurrentchallengesfacedbytheSouthAustralianfishingindustry2015

• Thecollapseofherringstocks • Fluctuatingmarketconditions

• Competitionforskilledlabourwiththeoilandgasindustry

• Competitionforlabourwithotherindustries

• IncreaseincostsassociatedwithengagingWHSconsultants/tradespersons

• IncreaseincostsassociatedwithengagingWHSconsultants/tradespersons

• Aspateofseriousinjuriesandfatalities • Ahigherincidenceofseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesthananyotherindustrynationwide

• Introductionofthefisheriesmanagementandquotasystems

• Introductionofthefisheriesmanagementandquotasystems

• TheexpectationofahighstandardofWHScomplianceasaflowoneffectfromtheoilandgasindustry

• TheexpectationofahighstandardofWHScomplianceasaflowoneffectfromtheminingindustry

• ComplexandoverlappingWHSrelatedlegislation • ComplexandoverlappingWHSrelatedlegislation

Thelengthoftimeandsequenceofeventsbetweenthecollapseoftheherringstocksinthe1960sandtheexponentialgrowthoftheNorwegianfishingindustryin2007purportstheorganicnatureofitstransformationfrombeingsomewhatcapriciouslypropelledbyformerlylabeled‘seaidiots’,tonowhighlysuccessfulbusinessmen.Suchatransformationcouldnothaveoccurredwithoutdemonstratedindustryleadershipandcooperationbetweenindividualentities,governmentauthorityandindustrybodies.Bornfromcrises,theuniqueamalgamationofthreestrugglingprawnbusinessestoformColdWaterPrawnsAS,thefoundingoftheNorwegianSeafoodCouncilin1991andtheevolutionoftheFishingVesselOwnersAssociationprovidesevidencetosupporttheneedtocollaborateandforma‘commonlanguage’,inordertomaximizetheSouthAustralianfishingindustry’scapacitytopromotepositive,proactivechange.

ItisimportanttohighlightthatwhileunprecedentedimpactingfactorswillcontinuetochallengethefishingindustryinbothNorwayandSouthAustralia,legislationwillremainasomewhatstableconstant.InconsiderationofAustralia’syouthasacountryincomparisontothatofNorway–perhapsAustralia’snegativeperceptionoflegislationcanbeattributedtothefactthatitisyettodistinguishtheneedtoadapt,ratherthantoresist.BypromotingownershipoftheproductandbyfirmlyembeddingWHSresponsibilitiesineachandeveryrolethroughoutthesupplychain,highlyaffluentNorwegianfishingbusinesses(i.e.ColdWaterPrawnsASandLyngenRekerAS)havesucceededinrecognisingandreinforcingthecriticallinkbetweenprofitabilityandmaintainingapositive,proactiveworkhealthandsafetyculture.

BriefdiscussionsregardingtheprovisionofdocumentedWHSmanagementsystemsprovedsomewhatunrelatedtoasteadyreductionintheoccurrenceofseriousinjuriesandfatalitiesintheNorwegianfishingindustry.ThemandatoryrequirementforallNorwegianfishermentoprovideavesselsafetymanagementsystembythe1stofApril2016isnotdissimilartotheAustralianMaritimeSafetyAuthority’srequirementtohaveaCertificateofOperation(whichencompassesavesselsafetymanagementsystem)bythe30thofJune2016.Thisreinforcestheimportanceofchangingthebehavioroftheindustryasafoundationforapositive,proactiveWHSculture–ratherthanfocusingonthepremiseofcompliancewithWHSlegislationalone.

UponsightinganumberofhighlysophisticatedandvastlymodernninetyfootfishingtrawlersperuseelegantlyinandoutoftheÅlesundandTromsøharbours,itbecameapparenttome,theeasetowhichtheaveragepersoncouldassumethattheprimaryreasonfortheNorwegianfishingindustry’ssuccessislargelyfoundedbytheiruseofcuttingedgetechnologyandphysicalsafeguardsinordertoreduceriskandmaximiseprofitability.Althoughstillaprominentfactor,itisimportanttonotethattheimprovementintechnologyhasbeendriveninresponsetothedemandfromindustry;ofwhichisonlywarrantedwheretherehasbeenenoughcapitaltowarrantinvestment.

SuggestionsfromkeystakeholdersfromtheNorwegianfishingindustryonhowtoimprovethecontextofWHSintheSouthAustralianfishingindustryinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

• IndustrysectorassociationstocollaborateandplayandactiveroleinadvisingtheindustryoncommonWHSrelatedissues;

• thedevelopmentofWHSmanagementsystemsthathavebeenspecificallytailoredtomeettheneedsoftheSouthAustralianfishingindustryinstrictconsiderationofretainingsimplicity,ensuringaninherentfocusonmanagingcriticalriskandavoidingthepotentialfor‘boxticking’;

• mindfulnessofworkerrightsandthepotentialforfutureunionintervention,and;• broademphasistobeplacedbyindustryleadersonthelinkbetweenmembersofthefishingindustryandtheir

families,andthenotionthatfamiliesoftenfeeltheriskmorethanthefishermendo.

5. ConclusionExplorationintothecontextofbestpracticeofWHSintheNorwegianfishingindustryhasbeenpivotalintheidentificationofthecriticalmilestonesor‘tippingpoints’associatedwiththetransformationoftheNorwegianfishingindustrytothesuccessstorythatitistoday.InordertooptimizethevalueofthesefindingstotheSouthAustralianfishingindustry,thefollowingquestionshavepromptedtheneedforfurtherresearch:

• WhatlessonshastheNorwegianfishingindustrylearntinrespondingtoindustrycrises?Istherenowasystematicapproachfordoingso?

• Whatadditionallevers(ifany)havebeenappliedtoeffectindustrychange?Whatworks,andwhatdoesn’twork?• Whatotherevidenceisavailabletosupportthenotionthatindustryleadershiphasplayedakeyroleineffecting

positivechange?

Inthemeantime,ongoingworkwillcontinueinorderto:

• FacilitateconversationsregardingthefindingsoftheresearchwithkeystakeholdersfromtheSouthAustralianfishingindustry;

• strengthenrelationshipswithexistingandnewlyidentifiedkeystakeholdersfromtheNorwegianfishingindustry;• identifyandbuildanetworkofindustrychampionsforchange,and;• exploretheroleandcapacityoffamiliesandwomenwithinthefishingindustryasagentsforchange.

6. AcknowledgementsAstherecipientofthe2014RuralYouthBursary,IwouldliketopledgeasincerethankyoutotheAgriculturalBureauofSouthAustraliafortheirfinancialcontributionof$5,000.00towardsmyresearch.

ToRebeccaLang,PrincipalofRebeccaLangConsulting;notonlyhaveIfoundamentorfigurewhosepassionforeffectingpositivechangeisequalifnotsuperfluoustomyown,butafriendandsomeonewhomItrulylookupto.Yourongoingsupportandguidancethroughoutboththeapplicationandselectionprocessforthe2015RuralWomen’sAward,andthecountlesshoursofvoluntaryassistancethereafterhasenabledmetoexploremyideasfurtherthanI’deverimagined.Thisresearchwouldnothavehappenedwithoutyou.

ToSverreJohansenandhiswonderfulwifeMaria.MyvisittoNorwaywouldnothavebeenanywherenearasfruitfulonbothaprofessionalandpersonallevelhadyounotrespondedtomyinitialemail.ThankyousomuchfortakingthetimetocoordinatemyvisittoNorwayandallowingmetonotonlyfacilitateconversationswiththebesttheNorwegianfishingindustryhastooffer,butforshowingmethekindofhospitalityIcouldonlyhopetoreturnwhenyoudecidetocometoAustralia.

ToChrisThomas,mybelovedfather.Icouldnotbeaprouderdaughter.Foreverythingyou’vesoselflesslysacrificedforme,andnonetheleastyoursupportwithyetagainanotheroneofmyseeminglyhairbrainedideas.Thankyouforinstillinginmemypassionforagricultureandcaringforothers,andforalwaysbeingthereasmysoundingboard.Thisresearchreallyisatributetoyouandyour‘couldn’tkillmewiththebackofanaxe’mentality.

7. Citations1SafeWorkAustraliahttp://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/publications/pages/work-related-traumatic-injury-fatalities-australia-2013Dateaccessed:4thofMarch2016.2HealthandSafetyintheAustralianFishingIndustry,Dr.KateBrooks.RuralIndustryResearchandDevelopmentCorporation,RIRDCPublicationNo.11/021,2011.3AustralianSouthernRocklobster‘CleanGreenProgram’http://www.southernrocklobster.com/cleangreen/Dateaccessed:4thofMarch2016.4NationalStandardforCommercialVesselsPartEOperations2013(Cth).5ModelWorkHealthandSafetyRegulations(Cth)–Part8Divingwork

6Norwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorwayRetrieved8thofOctober2015.7FatalitiesintheNorwegianfishingfleet1990–2011,EdgarMcGuinness,HalvardL.Aasjord,IngridB.Utne,IngunnMarieHolmen,DepartmentofMarineTechnology,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(NTNU),Trondheim,NorwayandDepartmentFisheryTechnology,SINTEFFisheriesandAquaculture,Trondheim,Norway.8Ireceivedafinancialcontributionof$5,000.00towardstheresearchuponbeingawardedthe2014AgriculturalBureauRuralYouthBursary.AconditionofbeingarecipientwarrantedthedeliveryofacomprehensivereporttotheAgriculturalBureaubythe1stofOctober2015.9ColdWaterPrawnshttp://www.prawnsofnorway.no/coldwater_prawns_of_norway/presentation-of-our-visions-and-our-storyDateaccessed:10thofDecember2015.10Presentationofourvisionsandourstory.ColdWaterPrawnsAShttps://vimeo.com/129867840ColdWaterPrawnsAS.Dateaccessed:10thofDecember2015.

FatalOccupationalInjuries–AnOverseasComparison.AustralianGovernmentNationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,CommonwealthofAustralia,2004.

SafeWorkAustraliaAnnualReport2013–2014

AustralianWHSStrategy2012–2022,SafeWorkAustralia

NationalAgricultureActivityPlan2014-2019,SafeWorkAustralia

WHSResearchStrategyForSafeWorkSA,October2014

SafeWorkSAAdvisoryCouncilAnnualReport2013-14

ReviewofavailablefishingindustryrelatedWHSprosecutions.