exposomes for children's studies: importance of life stage

Elaine M. Faustman, Ph.D. DABT

Professor and Director

Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication

Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences

Exposomes for Children's Studies: Importance of Life Stage Considerations

1

Exposome and Systems Biology

2

Lifecourse Specificity

Inhalation

Oral

Dermal

Exposure

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Elimination

Toxicokinetics

Adolescent

Child

Newborn

Conceptus

Organ, Tissues

Cellular

Organelle

Molecular

Toxicodynamics

Normal Parameters

Developmental Disorder

• Lethality

• Growth Retardation

• Malformation

• Altered Function

Outcome

Incorporating Population Level Sustainability Factors, Polymorphism and Variability Data

Rodents PopulationsHumans

In vitro In vivo In vitro In vivo

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organism

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

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Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organism

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

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Incorporating

Population

Level

Polymorphism

Data

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Distribution

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Rodents PopulationsHumans

In vitro In vivo In vitro In vivo

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organism

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Biochemical

Molecular

Cellular

TissueTissue

OrganOrgan

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Molecular

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TissueTissue

OrganOrgan

OrganismOrganism

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TissueTissue

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

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Incorporating

Population

Level

Polymorphism

Data

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.0

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Multimodal

Distribution

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Population

Pre-natal

Post-natal Infant

AdolescentLIFESTAGE

RISK ASSESSMENT

3

Faustman, 2016

Initial Appearance Of Organs During Gestation In Humans Can Define Windows Of Sensitivity

4Hill, 2010

Definitions of Exposome by Disciplines

5

Adapted from NCS, 2011; Hubal et al 2014

Questionnaire/

Diary/

Observation

Biological

Measurements

“True”

Exposure

(or Dose)

Communit

y

Household

Individual

Scale Life Stage

Environmental

Measurements

Cumulative Exposure Approaches for Assessing Exposome within Children’s Cohort Studies

NCS, 2011

6

“Environment” Broadly Defined in NCS

• Physical environment:

– housing, neighborhoods and communities, climate, radiation…

• Chemical exposures:

– air, water, soil, food, dust, industrial products, pharmaceuticals…

• Biological environment:

– womb, infection, nutrition; inflammatory and metabolic response…

• Genetics:

– influence of genetics on disease; relationships between genes and the environment

• Psychosocial:

– influence of family, socio-economics, community, culture, stress…

7

CHC Cohort – Yakima Valley

27

9

Longitudinal Children’s Health Center Study Design

Integrated Framework Tool

1999

2002

10

Dimethyl DAPs in Farmworker and Non-Farmworker Adults

Values represent geometric means and 95% confidence intervals

Guerrette et al. (2012)11

Metab

olite C

on

cen

tration

(n

g/ml)

Values represent geometric means and 95% confidence intervals

Guerrette et al. (2012)

Dimethyl DAPs in Farmworker and Non-Farmworker Children

12

Child DMTP

Metabolite concentrations in urine (ug/L)

sa

mp

le q

uan

tile

s

1 10 100 1000

0.0

0.2

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1.0

yr1, ctl, no pome n=29yr1, ctl, pome n=78yr1, int, no pome n=28yr1, int, pome n=69yr4, ctl, no pome n=30yr4, ctl, pome n=86yr4, int, no pome n=30yr4, int, pome n=58

Distribution of Child DMTP from year 1 to year 4 of CHC study: Impacts of year to year variability

13

Example Exposome for Farmworker and Non-Farmworker House Dust Across 2 Different Years,

Same Season

AZM

Ph

osm

et

Mal

ath

ion

CP

Dia

zin

on

Car

bar

yl

Pro

po

xur

Bo

scal

idA

ceta

mip

rid

Imid

aclo

pri

d

Per

met

hri

n

Sum

ith

rin

Tetr

amet

hri

n

Cyp

hen

oth

rin

Imip

roth

rin

Sbio

alle

thri

n

AZM

Ph

osm

etM

alat

hio

n

CP

Dia

zin

on

Car

bar

yl

Pro

po

xur

Bo

scal

idA

ceta

mip

rid

Imid

aclo

pri

d

Per

met

hri

n

Sum

ith

rin

Tetr

amet

hri

n

Cyp

hen

oth

rin

Imip

roth

rin

Sbio

alle

thri

n

Class

Use

Class OP NM Carbarmate Ag Ag & General GeneralNeonicotinoid Pyrethroid Use

2005 Thinning Season House Dust 2011 Thinning Season House Dust

Farm

wo

rker

sN

on

-Far

mw

ork

ers

14

K. Olden et al,

15

Plascak et al. 2016 Submitted

Jesse Plascak, Marissa N Smith, Elaine Faustman, Beti Thompson

Latino residential segregation, discrimination, neighborhood disorder and hair cortisol concentration among

Latinas. 2016. Submitted

Integrating Chemical and Non-Chemical Exposures

16

• Km is the rate constant for free cortisol metabolism

• Ks is the rate constant for free cortisol transfer to saliva

• Ku is the rate constant for free cortisol transfer to urine,

• Kh is the rate constant for free cortisol transfer to hair

• CBG bound cortisol is bound to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) in the blood

Biokinetic Models/Needed for Integration of Biomarkers

17

Smith et al 2013 JESEE

Conceptual Model for Pathways linking neighborhood factors, social stress and health

18

Plascak et al. 2016 Submitted

Conceptual Model for Pathways linking neighborhood factors, social stress and health

19Plascak et al. 2016 Submitted

Model estimated percent changes in hair cortisol concentrations by Latino residential

segregation, discrimination and social organization, For Healthy Kids! Stress Study (N=25)1

Figures A-G represent separate models including each discrimination or neighborhood disorder

measure.

20

Framework of modifying factors for exposure associated with geography and culture.

21

Source: Children’s Health, Nation’s Health, IOM report, 2004

Life Course Based Model of Children’s Health and its Influences

22

Lessons Learned for Children’s Exposome

1. Unique features and needs for children’s exposomeLifestage assessments matter!

2. Models are needed that link kinetic and dynamic features in order to understand the potential for exposure at specific sensitive lifestages, the form of the exposures in complex environments, and duration and magnitude of exposures related to disease outcomes that may happen at the same lifestage or much later in life.

3. Temporal specific exposures are useful for designing and evaluating interventions

4. Temporal considerations for children’s exposome are essential for predicting and identifying impacts during childhood development

23

Acknowledgements

The NIEHS, EPA funded Center for Children's Environmental Health Risks Research (RD-83170901, ES-09601)

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN267200700023C

The National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences under the Award Number 5P01ES009601

US Environmental Protection Agency Biomarkers grant (RD-83273301) and contract (2W-2296-NATA)

EPA funded Predictive Toxicology Center (USEPA STAR grant RD-83573801)

24

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Extra Slides

26

After a series of presentations made in second and third grade classrooms, students were invited to enter a coloring contest. Winning entries were included in a calendar. In this drawing the woman tells the man to wash his own clothes, because she’s going to a dance…and she reminds him to leave his boots outside.

Photo: Gloria Coronado

Community Intervention

27