fallacies. what is wrong with the following sentences? 1.i love disneyland because i’m always...
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Fallacies
What is wrong with the following sentences?
1. I love Disneyland because I’m always happy there.
2. Everyone on the team wears Nike shoes; it’s the only way to go!
3. I love music, therefore I love the Justin Beiber.
Objective
• To understand what makes a logical fallacy, how to catch someone when they are using one (perhaps to pull a fast-one on you), and how to avoid using them in your own writing and dialogue.
Logical Fallacy
• A logical fallacy is a statement that contains faulty reasoning. Don’t give your reader a reason to doubt your information. Persuasive writing especially requires sound logic to support opinions.
Circular Reasoning
• Supporting a statement by simply repeating it in different words.
• Teens should avoid fad diets, because it is important for adolescents to stay away from weight-loss plans.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CVbku6nxhU
Either / Or Fallacy
• A statement that suggests that there are only 2 choices available in a situation that really offers more than 2 options.
• Either students should be allowed to go off campus for lunch to Burger King, or they should choose from the cafeteria’s food.
Oversimplification
• An explanation of a complex situation or problem as if it were much simpler than it is.
• Making the team depends on whether the coach likes you.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnpqG3h6pY8
Overgeneralization
• A broad generalization.• No one cares about the story.
• A little kid might say: “All birds can fly.”
Stereotyping
• A dangerous type of overgeneralization.
• All girls can’t play sports. • All boys lie and cheat.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ktgBpdy99c
Attacking the person or name-calling (poisoning the well)
• An attempt to discredit an idea by attacking the person or group associated with it.
• My opponent is not smart enough to be mayor.
• She is basic. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U
g75diEyiA0&list=PL2Rf1R6EcGZTov9OQUWpwaA7xczA7cXRF
Evading the Issue
• Refuting an objection with arguments and evidence that do not address its central point.
• Yes, I broke my promise to not raise taxes, but taxes have paid for your new highways.
• I know I am late, but you look beautiful. • What you do with your parents when you
are in trouble! • http://
screen.yahoo.com/broken-news-daily/teachers-hilarious-response-awful-exam-224511848.html
Non sequitur (post hoc)
• A statement that uses irrelevant proof to support a claim.
• I know I’ll pass math. Mr. Gray is my math teacher and my football coach.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRJUvFG8gbE
False Cause
• The mistake of assuming that because one event occurred after another event in time, the first event caused the second to occur.
• I failed English because of football.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
TbZoKEOkUg
False Analogy
• A comparison that doesn’t hold up because of a critical difference between the two subjects.
• She walks to school and back every day, so surely she can walk in a 10K race.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60NSO9pJyVI
Hasty Generalization
• A conclusion drawn from too little evidence or from evidence that is biased.
• That corner must be dangerous. There were two car accidents there last week.
Bandwagon Appeal
• Uses the argument that a person should believe or do something because “everyone else” does.
• The Cardinals are a winning team and everyone likes them so you should to.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGLHlvb8skQ&list=PL4CC0F6415CD51AC4
Testimonial
• Relies on endorsements from well-known people or celebrities.
• Proactive-Jessica Simpson• Gatorade-Michael Jordan• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gq
_EZjhHaDY
Snob Appeal
• Taps into people’s desire to be special or be part of an elite group.
• Treat yourself to a tropical paradise because you deserve the best.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JABV8Sez45s
Transfer
• Connects a product, candidate, or cause with a positive emotion or idea.
• Freedom…you can feel it the instant you put your hands on the new Jeep Wrangler.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R55e-uHQna0
Appeal to Loyalty
• Relies on people’s affiliation with a particular group
• This car is made in America by Americans.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Wa_6g9WNgU
Appeals to pity, fear, or vanity
• Use strong feelings rather than facts to persuade.
• Without more police, we will be at the mercy of thieves.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92kPKbXHqss
Glittering Generality
• Makes a generalization that includes a word or phrase with positive connotations (feelings) to promote a product or idea.
• A vote for Tom Jones is a vote for democracy!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2Cz5dZOtAc
Review1. Camaro - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvmOYqVUGuI2. Axe - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Clmr9JUyTIc3. Chicken - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y-cxdruYQc
4. Coke - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMo6o0BtFG85. Dove - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U6. Hulu - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHiJ7v18-EM7. Mac - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoGnOscqyg8&list=PLD9A1DEAE38815CBB8. Grey Poupon - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmannAYiwh09. Pepsi- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po0jY4WvCIc10. Gatorade – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0AGiq9j_Ak11. McDonald’s - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oACRt-Qp-s12. Hanes - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuNUbAkJajE13. Smoking - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfAxUpeVhCg14. Subway - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxqRg2Nohso&list=PLD9A1DEAE38815CBB15. ASPCA - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO9d2PpP7tQ16. Chevrolet Truck - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPgEBRAgcIQ17. Brain Food - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KX6ngMias7w18. Infiniti - http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2qPbSal3fI&list=PL2Rf1R6EcGZTov9OQUWpwaA7xczA7cXRF
19. Doritos - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhMaUiufjcU20. Sleaziest Political Ads - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDT-LN5-Edw
Answers1. Camaro – Either/ Or, Appeal to Loyalty, Glittering Generality, Transfer 2. Axe – False Cause, Oversimplification, stereotyping, hast generalization, bandwagon3. Chicken - stereotyping4. Coke - Either/ Or, appeal to loyalty, glittering generality5. Dove - Appeal to vanity, transfer, evading the issue6. Hulu – False Analogy, Testimonial, appeal to emotion7. Mac – either/ or., name-calling, 8. Grey Poupon – Snob Appeal 9. Bandwagon, testimonial., transfer, glittering genrality10. Gatorade – Transfer, bandwagon, glittering generality, false analogy11. McDonald’s - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oACRt-Qp-s12. Hanes - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuNUbAkJajE13. Smoking – appeal to fear14. Subway – appeal to vanity, 15. ASPCA – appeal to pity16. Chevrolet Truck - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPgEBRAgcIQ17. Brain Food – appeal to vanity, 18. Infiniti -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2qPbSal3fI&list=PL2Rf1R6EcGZTov9OQUWpwaA7xczA7cXRF
19. Doritos - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhMaUiufjcU20. Sleaziest Political Ads – name- calling
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