fibre reinforced polymer prestressing tendons and their anchorages
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Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
1
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing
Tendons and their Anchorages
Katarzyna ZDANOWICZ, M.Sc.
Leibniz Universität Hannover
Institut für Massivbau
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: properties
CFRP GFRP* BFRP** AFRP Steel tendons
Tensile strength [MPa] 1800 – 2500 400 – 1600 1100 – 1350 1200 – 2100 1700 – 1900
E-modulus [GPa] 137 – 150 30 – 60 45 – 70 60 – 70 195
Ultimate strain [-] 0.013 – 0.017 0.012 – 0.037 0.022 – 0.030 0.015 – 0.037 0.05 – 0.10
Density [kg/m³] 1500 – 1700 1700 – 2100 2000 – 2200 1200 – 1400 7850
** GFRP tendons are not accepted by all standards
*** BFRP tendons are in testing phase and are not included in any standards for prestressing
1x7 (φ12.5 mm)
1x37 (φ40 mm)
BFRP [RockBar, MagmaTech]CFRP [CFCC, TokyoRope] CFRP [Leadline, Mitsubishi]
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: durability issues
CFRP
GFRP
SEM images, 3000x
NaOH
solution,
28 days
Source: Sim, Park et al. 2005
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: applications
1980: 7 m span bridge, Lünen’sche Gasse
in Düsseldorf, prestressed with 12 GFRP tendons
1983: AFRP prestressing tendons in the posts of a
noise barriers along highways (Netherlands)
1988: the first bridge worldwide prestressed only
with FRPs (CFCC; 24 girders), Shinmiya Bridge (Japan)
1991: Ludwigshafen, the first road bridge
prestressed with CFRP tendons: 85 m long,
4 CFRP tendons used with steel tendons
2001: the Bridge Street Bridge (Michigan,
USA) – the first structure completely reinforced
with carbon FRP reinforcement
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: applications
façade beams, poles, hexagonal marine structures
Source:
Karbhari 1998,
Terrasi 2012
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: codes and standards
• Japan:
– Recommendation for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Using
Continuous Fibre Reinforcing Materials, Japanese Society of Civil Engineers,
1995
• Canada:
– CAN/CSA S6-00 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, 2000 (2014)
– CAN/CSA S806-02 Design and Construction of Building Components
with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers, 2002 (2012)
– Design Manual Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced
Polymers, The Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence on Intelligent
Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS), 2007
• USA:
– ACI 440.4R-04, Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons, 2004
(2011)
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
• Europe (fib):
Bulletin No. 40 FRP reinforcement in RC structures (2007):
“it was decided not to include design approaches
for prestressed concrete members”
Model Code 2010 for Concrete Structures (2013):
“The prestressing tendons considered in
this Model Code are made either
of prestressing steel [...]
or of FRP materials.”
FRP tendons: codes and standards
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP tendons: permissible tendon stresses
CAN/CSA
S806-12
CAN/CSA
S6-14 ACI 440.4R-04
Model Code
2010
at jacking
CFRP 0,70 0,70 0,65 ---
AFRP 0,40 0,40 0,50 ---
GFRP * --- 0,30 --- ---
at transfer
CFRP 0,65 0,65 0,60 0,80
AFRP 0,35 0,35 0,40 0,50
GFRP * -- 0,25 --- 0,30
* – GFRP tendons are permitted only by CAN/CSA S6-14 and Model Code 2010
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: bond anchorages
Source: Schmidt, Bennitz et al. 2012
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: HEM (highly expansive material) anchorage
Source: Rohleder et al. 2008
Penobscot Narrows Bridge, Maine, USA (2006)
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: bond-type anchorage for multiple FRP tendons
Source: Fang et al. 2013
Aizhai Bridge hangers (2012)
Reactive powder concrete
grout as expansive material
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: bond anchorages
Bond materials:
epoxy resins,
mortars (normal or expansive),
reactive powder concretes
Problems:
ageing,
creep,
maintenance,
long-term performance
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: clamp anchorages
Source: Burningham et al. 2014
suitable when there are neither
special aesthetic demands
nor necessity of compact devices,
possibility to differentiate
the torque for each row
of the bolts
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: transverse strength problem
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: transverse strength problem
end of anchorage
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: sleeve-wedge anchorages
Source: Schmidt, Smith et al. 2011
Sleeve:
usually aluminium or cooper,
uniform distribution of radial
compressive stresses around
the tendon circumference
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: integrated sleeve-wedge anchorages
Source: Schmidt et al. 2010, 2011
consisting of one piece
with a gap and two slits
grips the tendon both
circumferentially
and longitudinally
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: gradient anchorages
Source: Meier 2012
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: gradient anchorages
Source: Meier 2012
Elasticity modulus
modified through
combination of
aluminum oxide ceramic
(Al2O3) granules and
epoxy resin
Stork Bridge in
Winterthur, Switzerland
(1996)
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Anchorages: CFCC anchorages
Source: CFCC Manual 2014
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP materials: economical issues
Source: Lux Research, Inc. Report
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
FRP materials: economical issues
Source: Lux Research, Inc. Report
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
Conclusions
Research areas:
anchorages, which will not induce
too large transverse stresses on the tendons,
prestressing devices and procedures
deviators to shape the
tendon profile without
any damage risks
relaxation and
long-term behaviour
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
24
Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing
Tendons and their Anchorages
Katarzyna ZDANOWICZ, M.Sc.
Leibniz Universität Hannover
Institut für Massivbau
Thank you
for your attention!
Young Engineers Colloquium
Hamburg 1st April 2016
Katarzyna Zdanowicz: Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressing Tendons and their Anchorages
International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering
ReferencesACI 440.4R-04, 2004 (2011): ACI 440.4R-04 Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons.
Burningham, C.; Pantelides, C.; Reaveley, L. (2014): New unibody clamp anchors for posttensioning carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer rods.
In: PCI Journal 59 (1), S. 103–113.
Fang, Z.; Zhang, K.; Tu, B. (2013): Experimental investigation of a bond-type anchorage system for multiple FRP tendons.
In: Engineering Structures 57, S. 364–373.
Fédération international du béton (fib) (2013): fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. Berlin.
Karbhari, V. M. (1998): WTEC study on use of composite materials in civil infrastructure in Japan. Baltimore: International Technology Research
Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division.
Meier, U. (2012): Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Cables. Why? Why Not? What If? In: Arab J Sci Eng 37 (2), S. 399–411.
JSCE-CS23, 1997: Recommendation for design and construction of concrete structures using continuous fiber reinforcing materials.
Rohleder, W. J.; Tang, B.; Doe, T. A.; Grace, N. F.; Burgess, Ch. J. (2008): CFRP Strand Application on Penobscot Narrows Cable Stayed Bridge.
In: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 17 (2050), S. 169–176.
CAN/CSA S6-14, 2014: S6-14 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code.
CAN/CSA S806-12, 2012: S806-12 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers.
Schmidt, J. W.; Bennitz, A.; Täljsten, B.; Goltermann, P.; Pedersen, H. (2012): Mechanical anchorage of FRP tendons – A literature review.
In: Construction and Building Materials 32, S. 110–121.
Schmidt, J. W.; Smith, S. T.; Täljsten, B.; Bennitz, A.; (2011): Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of an Integrated Sleeve-Wedge
Anchorage for CFRP Rods. In: J. Compos. Constr. 15 (3)
Sim, J.; Park, C.; Moon, D. Y. (2005): Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures.
In: Composites Part B: Engineering 36 (6-7), S. 504–512.
Terrasi, G. P. (2012): Prefabricated Thin-walled Structural Elements Made from High Performance Concrete Prestressed with CFRP Wires.
In: JMSR 2 (1).
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