fifty years with uncle sam - american period
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FIFTY YEARS WITH UNCLE SAM THE AMERICAN PERIOD
The American Take-Over and the Policy of "Benevolent Assimilation"
Cuban revolution - Americans sided with the rebels strained Spanish-American relation sinking of the warship Maine triggered the war Commodore Dewey - sail from Hongkong to Manila Spanish fleet was destroyed and that event signalled
the rise of America as a colonial power. Americans arranged the return of General Aguinaldo resume the fight against the Spanish ground forces.
"Benevolent Assimilation"
Aguinaldo – government & independence was declared - June 12, 1898.at Cavite el Viejo
convoked the revolutionary congressbasilica of Barasoain, Malolos (September 15)
Malolos Constitution Philippine Republic inaugurated.
Aguinaldo as president. Treaty of Paris Philippines ceded to the United
States 20M. US dollars. President William McKinley issued the so-called
"Benevolent Assimilation" proclamationfirst official indication of American policy in the
Philippines.
DANIEL H. BURNHAM Planner and Architect
American architect visit the Philippines
to give advice urban problems of
the city of Manila & Baguio
gave his architectural
signature to the newly Americanized Philippines
Burnham's Architectural Design Principles
believed that the the big cities where most of them would have to work and to live.
The urban design principles American "City Beautiful" movement
superimposed a system of diagonals and rotundas over the basic rectangular grid street patterns of American cities
"City Beautiful" planning concentrated on public buildings as focal points of wide and grandiose avenues
Burnham's Architectural Design Principles
The city showcase of the ruling class sense of pride and achievement. architectural thought and planning
focused on monumental architecture little concern for the planning of the
vernacular or ordinary buildings the emphasis was on architecture as
"work" and not on architecture as "labour"
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
Manila on October 13, 1904 stayed for about six weeks began with what was already there historical value of some portions of the
walls of lntramurosfortified medieval town.
should not be preserved - moat surrounding lntramuros
for sanitary reasons. should be drained and filled planted with trees and grass turned into a pleasant and useful circular park
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
admired the Spanish-Filipino house
The dull red tile added to the charm.
The well-shaded narrow streets in the older sections of the town as "picturesque“
impressed by the old Spanish churches and government buildings
He suggested that they could serve as examples for future structures
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
"imperial" manner of "City Beautiful." Diagonals as broad thoroughfares are
superimposed over partially existing street patterns of a rectangular grid iron pattern
superimposed diagonal arteries, radiating from the government center in various directions
Reasons: Practical = center of governmental activity readily
accessible from all sides Sentimental = every section of the capital city
should look with deference toward the symbol of the nation's power."
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
Next to the diagonal arteriesfeature are the parks and open spaces for sports and
other recreational activities. The Luneta was to be preserved unchanged "without
planting of any sort on its westward side so as to give an unobstructed view of the sea."
Later planners putting up the Quirino grandstand between the Sunday strollers and the Manila Bay sunset.
Burnham recommended many parks throughout and outside the city and the planting of If the plan had had a chance to be fully executed, Manila would have become the most beautiful city in the East. -Lachica
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
necessity for the modern city breathing places for the people playfields of moderate sizes in the heart
of the city large sylvan stretches located in the
outskirts
development and maintenance of the waterfronts Pasig River Ocean bay for recreational purposes
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
amenities were especially necessary for Manila with its periods of intense heat recommended fountains throughout the city.
for aesthetic psychological relief from the long summer heat
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
laid out Dewey Boulevard (now Roxas Boulevard). "The bay front, from the present Luneta southward
should have a continuous parkway extending all the way to Cavite
This Boulevard two hundred and fifty feet in width with roadways, bridle path, rich plantations and broad sidewalks
so well shaded with palms. bamboo, and mangoes as to furnish protection from the elements at all times.
same shaded drives be provided along the Pasig River up to Fort McKinley (now Fort Bonifacio)
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila
indicated the building sites for important government buildings other public and semi-public buildings
Plans for Baguio and Their Implementation
Americans were convinced that they needed health resort Summer capital in the mountains
large portions of all surrounding hills public property and maintained as
informal parks the tops of hills
public reservations green may be carefully preserved
Plans for Baguio and Their Implementation
opposed dense settlement strict laws to enforce this policy proposed a few monumental public
buildings be placed on hilltops to give them the
required dignity
Plans for Baguio and Their Implementation
This should not be the general practice. The placing of formal architectural silhouettes upon the summits of the surrounding hills would make a hard sky-line and go far toward destroying the charm of this beautiful landscape. On the other hand, to place buildings on the sloping hillsides where they would be seen against a solid background of green foliage is to give the in the best possible setting without mutilating their surroundings.
Plans for Baguio and Their Implementation
The conclusion of Burnham's report on Baguio reveals him to be a realistic and down-to-earth planner
Burnham ptan was officially adopted William E. Parsons implementation Parsons kept the principal northwest to southeast axis
which connected the municipal to the government center. A significant change was the establishment of a large park in the center of the "meadow.“ Burnham Park
shifted the market from the southwest to the southeast corner of the "meadow" where it still is today. established the site for Pines Hotel
Historical Evaluation of the Burnham Plans
"Burnham formulated a master plan for the capitol government buildings in Manila and Baguiogrouped around a square or plazaAmerican neo-baroque principle of solids and connecting axes
part of an axis and not of a squareOpen spaces "breathing spaces“legislative, postal and other governmental buildings
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Burnham was eventually able to persuade young William E. Parsons to accept the job to implement his plan.
graduate of Yale, Columbia French Ecole des Beaux
Arts.
"quiet creativity" and "practical wisdom."
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Burnham suggested that costly structures "with granite, marble or other building stones in the manner of public buildings in Europe America"
not Philippines which had a tropical climate. Flat walls simply built of reinforced concrete possible earthquake proof depended for their effect upon beautiful proportion
Parsons also followed Burnham's advice to learn from the better Spanish and Philippine examples
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
"Regionalism" in architecture. made use of broad plain surfaces of solid pastel colors
topped by tile roofs deep archways shaded porches covered loggias keep the heat away from the interior of buildings.
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Philippine Normal College(PNC)- on Taft Avenue was one of the first buildings designed by Parsons Glazed tile - wall
ornamentation long tile roof was
interrupted by three "California" gables - marked the entrances of the three-story building.
reinforced concrete
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Philippine General Hospital (PGH) Taft Avenue three-story building was
designed along the lines of a sprawling pavilion type plan
main entrance featured a high portico with triangular pediment and double pilasters on either side
deep porches carried on semicircular arches.
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Army and Navy Club (ANC) Luneta Park near the seashore two-storied middle portion simple entrance portico flanked by protruding three-
story wings on either side lower story - undecorated
archways second story - open loggia
carried on pairs of columns. loggia was later closed with
windows which did not improve the appearance.
destroyed during World War II but was soon rebuilt.
William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner
Manila Hotel Parsons' finest work Doric columns and
arches were once again bared and
the lobby restored to its original splendor.
restored by the nation's most prominent architect, Leandro V. Locsin
Implementation of the Burnham Plans
4 regional parks envisioned did not fully materialize
9 playfields proposed are now the sites of schools, government offices commercial establishments streets and residences
Pasig River was not developed as an effective artery of transportation
The proposed shaded drives along the Pasig River leading to Fort McKinley (now Fort Bonifacio) and beyond were also not realized.
Early Filipino Architects
ARCADIA ARELLANO first Filipino, employed
in 1901 by Governor Taft
architectural advisors EscueLa de Artes y
Oficios maestro de obras
Early Filipino Architects
CARLOS A. BARRETTO one of the first to be
employed by the Division. As a government
pensionado he had been sent to study architecture at the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
He was the first Filipino architect with an academic title from an American institute of learning.
Early Filipino Architects
TOMAS MAPUA 1st registered architect entered public service
with Carlos Barretto graduate from Cornell
University Mapua Institute of
Technology De La Salle University Philippine General
Hospital Nurses Home
Early Filipino Architects
JUAN M. ARELLANO Architect and Painter
Legislative Building or the Old Congress Building Beaux Arts
tradition
• massing of the building, siting and handling of the approach, and above all the exterior detailing - Beaux Arts
-damaged at the end of World War II by the shelling of American troops advancing to liberate Manila. -later faithfully rebuilt with financial aid from the United States
Legislative Building
MANILA POST OFFICE BUILDING Arellano's masterpiece formal open court. Plaza Lawton (now Liwasang
Bonifacio) in front of the building visual breathing spaces
splendid and tall Ionic colonnade plan of the first two floors
consists =rectangle with two semicircles added at either end
middle portion are lighted and ventilated
by a rectangular court
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA principal facade was in
the form of a segmented arch with mosaic ornamentations between grilled openings
a great rectangular window of translucent glass, corresponding in size and shape to the theater proscenium
grill work at the entrances featured Art Deco birds of paradise.
exterior of the stage loft a vertical prism with decorated sides
visually very prominent. Filipino motifs for
decoration by employing stylized forms of Philippine plants.
staircases of marble while marveling at two mural paintings, entitled "The Dance" and "History of Music"
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA
Auditorium no viewing boxes on
the sides proscenium
bas-relief figures emblematic of music, tragedy, comedy and poetry.
Lamps on the sidewalks were in the shape of bamboo stalks.
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA
1 ,670 people 846 in the orchestra 116 in the lodge 700 in the balcony
Arellano used the same flat arch in his design he had envisioned for the main entrance facade of the Metropolitan Theater.
Art Deco motifs, which included pieces of sculpture on the bases of the pillars and at the apse of the arches . were employed .
METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA
Arellano's Designs for U.P. and Other Buildings
MALCOLM HALL VILLAMOR HALL
CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
PANGASINAN PROVINCIAL CAPITOL
MANILA CITY HALL-Antonio Toledo
Quiz/ActivityPlate/Esquisse
Quiz 02 – American Period
1. What planning principle did Burnham use to design the City of Manila and Baguio?
2. One of the first building designed by Parson, which wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the roof was interrupted by three "California" gables?
3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson which later on renovated by the prominent architect Leandro Locsin?
4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan, thoroughfares were radiating from the government center in various directions. What are the 2 primary reasons of Burnham?
6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with splendid and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first two floors with rectangle with two semicircles added at either end and middle portion are lighted and ventilated by a rectangular court. What is the name of this building?
7. Who was the first Filipino architect with academic title from an American Institute?
8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan Theater in Manila was influenced?
9.Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that surrounding Intramuros?
10. What is the First School offered the course Master Builder?
Answers:
1. What planning principle did Burnham use to design the City of Manila and Baguio? City Beautiful Movement
2. One of the first building designed by Parson, which wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the roof was interrupted by three "California" gables? Philippine Normal College
3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson which later on renovated by the prominent architect Leandro Locsin? Manila Hotel
4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan, thoroughfares were radiating from the government center in various directions. What are the 2 primary reasons of Burnham? Practical = center of governmental activity, readily accessible from all sides
Sentimental = every section of the capital city should look with deference toward the symbol of the nation's power
6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with splendid and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first two floors with rectangle with two semicircles added at either end and middle portion are lighted and ventilated by a rectangular court. What is the name of this building?
Manila Post Office Building 7. Who was the first Filipino architect with academic
title from an American Institute? Carlos Barretto 8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan
Theater in Manila was influenced? Art Deco 9. Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that
surrounding Intramuros. For sanitary reason 10. What is the First School offered the course Master
Builder? Escuela Practica y Professional de Artes y Oficios de Manila
The Second Generation of Filipino Architects (Post-War Period)
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