figure 17.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1

1 Withdrawblood and placein tube.

2 Centrifuge theblood sample.

Plasma• 55% of whole blood• Least dense componentBuffy coat• Leukocytes and platelets• <1% of whole bloodErythrocytes• 45% of whole blood• Most dense component

Formedelements

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.2

Platelets

Neutrophils Lymphocyte

Erythrocytes Monocyte

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.3

2.5 µm

7.5 µm

Side view (cut)

Top view

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.4

Hemegroup

(a) Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups.

(b) Iron-containing heme pigment.a Globin chains

b Globin chains

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.5

Stem cell

HemocytoblastProerythro-blast

Earlyerythroblast

Lateerythroblast Normoblast

Phase 1Ribosomesynthesis

Phase 2Hemoglobinaccumulation

Phase 3Ejection ofnucleus

Reticulo-cyte

Erythro-cyte

Committedcell

Developmental pathway

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6

Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin. Erythropoietin

stimulates redbone marrow.

Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBCcount.

O2- carryingability of bloodincreases.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

3

4

5

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 1

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 2

Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 3

Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin. Erythropoietin

stimulates redbone marrow.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

3

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 4

Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin. Erythropoietin

stimulates redbone marrow.

Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBCcount.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

3

4

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 5

Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin. Erythropoietin

stimulates redbone marrow.

Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBCcount.

O2- carryingability of bloodincreases.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

3

4

5

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7

Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

3

Aged and damagedred blood cells areengulfed by macrophagesof liver, spleen, and bonemarrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.

5

New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about 120 days.

4

Raw materials aremade available in bloodfor erythrocyte synthesis.

6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin

Iron is bound totransferrin and releasedto blood from liver asneeded for erythropoiesis.

Food nutrients,including amino acids,Fe, B12, and folic acid,are absorbed fromintestine and enterblood.

Heme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up from bloodby liver, secreted into intestine inbile, metabolized to stercobilin bybacteria, and excreted in feces.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 1

Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 2

Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 3

Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 4

Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

3

New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about 120 days.

4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 5

Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver,spleen, and bonemarrow; thehemoglobin isbroken down.

5 Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

GlobinHeme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up from bloodby liver, secreted into intestine inbile, metabolized to stercobilin bybacteria, and excreted in feces.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7, step 6

Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver,spleen, and bonemarrow; thehemoglobin isbroken down.

5

Raw materials aremade available in bloodfor erythrocyte synthesis.

6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin

Iron is bound totransferrin and releasedto blood from liver asneeded for erythropoiesis.

Food nutrients,including amino acids,Fe, B12, and folic acid,are absorbed fromintestine and enterblood.

Heme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up from bloodby liver, secreted into intestine inbile, metabolized to stercobilin bybacteria, and excreted in feces.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.7

Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

3

Aged and damagedred blood cells areengulfed by macrophagesof liver, spleen, and bonemarrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.

5

New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about 120 days.

4

Raw materials aremade available in bloodfor erythrocyte synthesis.

6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin

Iron is bound totransferrin and releasedto blood from liver asneeded for erythropoiesis.

Food nutrients,including amino acids,Fe, B12, and folic acid,are absorbed fromintestine and enterblood.

Heme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up from bloodby liver, secreted into intestine inbile, metabolized to stercobilin bybacteria, and excreted in feces.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146

(a) Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain.

(b) Sickled erythrocyte results from a single amino acid change in the beta chain of hemoglobin.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.9

Formedelements

Platelets

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

DifferentialWBC count(All total 4800 –10,800/l)

Neutrophils (50 – 70%)

Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)

Eosinophils (2 – 4%)

Basophils (0.5 – 1%)

Monocytes (3 – 8%)

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.2 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.2 (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.11

Hemocytoblast

Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloblast Myeloblast MonoblastMyeloblast Lymphoblast

Stem cells

Committedcells

Promyelocyte PromyelocytePromyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte

Eosinophilicmyelocyte

Neutrophilicmyelocyte

Basophilicmyelocyte

Eosinophilicband cells

Neutrophilicband cells

Basophilicband cells

Developmentalpathway

Eosinophils NeutrophilsBasophils

Granular leukocytes

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Monocytes Lymphocytes

Agranular leukocytesSome become

Somebecome

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.12

Stem cell Developmental pathway

Hemocyto-blast Megakaryoblast

PromegakaryocyteMegakaryocyte Platelets

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.13

Collagenfibers

Platelets

Fibrin

Step Vascular spasm• Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.

Step Platelet plugformation

• Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.

• Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

Step Coagulation• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

1

2

3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.14 (1 of 2)

Vessel endothelium ruptures,exposing underlying tissues(e.g., collagen)

PF3

released byaggregated

platelets

XII

XI

IX

XIIa

Ca2+

Ca2+

XIa

IXa

Intrinsic pathwayPhase 1Tissue cell traumaexposes blood to

Platelets cling and theirsurfaces provide sites formobilization of factors

Extrinsic pathway

Tissue factor (TF)

VII

VIIa

VIII

VIIIa

Ca2+

XXa

Prothrombinactivator

PF3

TF/VIIa complexIXa/VIIIa complex

V

Va

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.14 (2 of 2)

Ca2+

Phase 2

Phase 3

Prothrombinactivator

Prothrombin (II)Thrombin (IIa)

Fibrinogen (I)(soluble) Fibrin

(insolublepolymer) XIII

XIIIa

Cross-linkedfibrin mesh

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.15

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABO Blood Typing

Blood Type Being Tested

RBC Agglutinogens

Serum Reaction

Anti-A Anti-B AB A and B + + B B – + A A + – O None – –

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.16

SerumAnti-A

RBCs

Anti-BType AB (containsagglutinogens A and B;agglutinates with bothsera)

Blood being tested

Type A (containsagglutinogen A;agglutinates with anti-A)

Type B (containsagglutinogen B;agglutinates with anti-B)

Type O (contains noagglutinogens; does notagglutinate with eitherserum)