figure 4.1 the electrical conductivity of ionic solutions · figure 4.1 the electrical conductivity...
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Figure 4.1 The electrical conductivity of ionic solutions
Figure 4.2 Electron distribution in molecules of H2 and H2O
Figure 4.3 The dissolution of an ionic compound
Table 4.1 Solubility Rules For Ionic Compounds in Water
1. All common compounds of Group 1A(1) ions (Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) and ammonium
ion (NH4+) are soluble.
2. All common nitrates (NO3-), acetates (CH3COO- or C2H3O2
-) and most
perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.
3. All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-) and iodides (I-) are soluble, except
those of Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+.
1. All common metal hydroxides are insoluble, except those of Group 1A(1)
and the larger members of Group 2A(2)(beginning with Ca2+).
2. All common carbonates (CO32-) and phosphates (PO4
3-) are insoluble,
except those of Group 1A(1) and NH4+.
3. All common sulfides are insoluble except those of Group 1A(1), Group
2A(2) and NH4+.
Soluble Ionic Compounds
Insoluble Ionic Compounds
4. All common sulfates (SO42-)are soluble, except those of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ag+ and
Pb2+
Copper(II) Bromide and Potassium Hydroxide
CuBr2 + KOH Cu(OH)2 + KBr
2+ 1- 1+ 1-
2 2 Molecular Equation
(aq) (aq) (aq) (s)
Complete Ionic Equation
Cu2+ + 2Br- + 2K+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 + 2K+ + 2Br-
(aq) (aq) (aq) (aq)
(aq) (aq) (s)
Net Ionic Equation
Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2
(aq) (aq) (s)
• Acids and Corresponding Anions
• Oxoacids contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third central atom.
• To name an acid from its anion name:
1. Change an –ate suffix to –ic.
2. Change an –ite suffix to –ous.
3. Add the word “acid.””
• For example:
HNO3 nitric acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
sulfuric
acid
H2SO4 sulfate ion SO4
2-
sulfurous
acid
H2SO3 sulfite ion SO3
2-
phosphoric
acid H3PO4
phosphate ion PO43-
nitric acid HNO3 nitrate ion NO3
-
nitrous
acid
HNO2 nitrite ion NO2-
carbonic
acid
H2CO3 carbonate
ion
CO32-
Oxoacid Oxoanion
Table 4.2 Selected Acids and Bases
Acids
Strong
hydrochloric acid, HCl
hydrobromic acid, HBr
hydroiodic acid, HI
nitric acid, HNO3
sulfuric acid, H2SO4
perchloric acid, HClO4
Weak
hydrofluoric acid, HF
phosphoric acid, H3PO4
acetic acid, CH3COOH (or
HC2H3O2)
Bases
Strong
Weak
sodium hydroxide, NaOH
calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
potassium hydroxide, KOH
strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2
barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2
ammonia, NH3
Figure 4.4 The hydrated proton
Figure 18.3
Strong acid: HA(g or l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
The extent of dissociation for strong and weak acids
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 18.3 The extent of dissociation for strong and weak acids
Weak acid: HA(aq) + H2O(l) H2O+(aq) + A-(aq)
(continued)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Polyprotic Acids
H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaH2PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
NaH2PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na2HPO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Na2HPO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na3PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
H3PO4 = triprotic
H3PO4(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-
(aq) Na+
(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l)
Complete Ionic Equation
Weak acid Strong Base
2 More Protons from Phosphoric Acid:
H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Citric Acid: C6H8O7 or H3C6H5O7
Sodium Bicarbonate: NaHCO3
H3C6H5O7 (s) + 3NaHCO3(s) H2O
Na3C6H5O7(aq) + 3CO2(g) + H2O(l)
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