final ap review

Final AP Review

Flash Cards

Compare/contrast a direct democracy with an indirect democracy (republicanism).

Marxist View

Power Elite View

Bureaucratic View

Pluralist View

Compare and Contrast the Political Theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

Explain how the Declaration of Independence incorporated some of the ideas of John Locke.

Describe some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

How did Shays’ Rebellion show some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Factions

Federalist Papers

Federalist #10

Federalist #51

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

3/5ths Compromise

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

LIMITED GOVERNMENT

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

SEPARATION OF POWERS

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

CHECKS AND BALANCES

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

JUDICIAL REVIEW

Marbury v. Madison

Describe the meaning of the Following Constitutional Principle, AND provide an example of that principle from the Constitution:

FEDERALISM

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Bill of Attainder

Ex Post Facto Laws

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Supremacy Clause

Elastic Clause

Commerce Clause

Why did many states want the US Constitution to include a Bill of Rights?

Describe how the following court cases shaped the evolution of the Bill of Rights:

Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Gitlow v. New York (1925)

1st Amendment

2nd Amendment

3rd Amendment

4th Amendment

5th Amendment

6th Amendment

7th Amendment

8th Amendment

9th Amendment

10th Amendment

13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

16th Amendment

17th Amendment

19th Amendment

24th Amendment

25th Amendment

26th Amendment

Process for Amending the Constitution

Definitions and Examples of Linkage Institutions

Definition and Example of Expressed Powers

Definition and Example of Implied Powers

Definition and Example of Inherent Powers

Definition and Example of Reserved Powers

Definition and Example of EXCLUSIVE Powers

Definition and Example of CONCURRENT Powers

McCulloch v. Maryland

Gibbons v. Ogden

Categorical Grants v. Block Grants

Unfunded Mandates

Devolution

What makes a Poll accurate?

Why should politicians follow polls?

Why shouldn’t politicians follow polls?

Political Efficacy

Internal vs. External Efficacy

Voters v. Non-Voters

PACs

Soft Money vs. Hard Money

527 Organizations

Independent Expenditures

SuperPACs

Buckley v. Valeo

FEC

Citizens United v. FEC

McCain-Feingold Act (BCRA)

Primary Elections

Open Primary vs. Closed Primary vs. Blanket Primary

Why do many states try to hold their primaries/caucuses as early as possible?

(“frontloading”)

How do caucuses differ from primaries?

Describe what occurs at conventions.

Delegates

Superdelegates

Reasons for Incumbency Advantage

Describe the pros and cons of being an incumbent presidential candidate.

Why do members in the House of Representatives tend to have a higher re-election

rate than do members in the Senate?

Reapportionment, Redistricting, Malapportionment, Gerrymandering

Congressional vs. Presidential Elections

Single-Member Districts

Marginal vs. Safe Districts

Briefly explain how the Electoral College works

Why do we have the Electoral College?

Political Party

Functions of a Political Party

Why do we have a 2 party system?

Roles of Minor Parties

National Party Organization

Party Decline: How do we know?

Party Decline: Reasons

Party Identification Patterns: GENDER

Party Identification Patterns: RACE

Party Identification Patterns: EDUCATION

Party Identification Patterns: OCCUPATION

Party Identification Patterns: AGE

Party Identification Patterns: RELIGION

Party Identification Patterns: GEOGRAPHIC REGION

Party Realignment

Critical Elections

Interest Groups vs. Political Parties

Types of Interest Groups

Activities of Interest Groups

Iron Triangle vs. Issue Network

NRA

NAACP

NARAL

PETA

Sierra Club

AARP

NOW

ACLU

Media’s Role in Politics

Horserace Journalism

House Leadership

Senate Leadership

Congressional Committees

Why are committees more important/powerful in the HoR than in the Senate?

Standing, Joint, Select, & Conference Committees

House Rules Committee

House Ways and Means Committee

Appropriations Committee

Floor Action: HoR vs. Senate

Filibuster & Cloture

How a Bill becomes a Law

Constitutional Requirements to be President

Roles of the President: Description and Examples

Levels of Executive Branch

White House Staff

EOP

OMB

Executive Departments

Independent Agencies

Types of Independent Agencies

Quasi-Legislative and Quasi-Judicial powers of Independent Regulatory Commissions

National Security Council

Why do we have a Bureaucracy?

Merit System vs. Spoils System

Problems of Bureaucracy

Congressional Checks on Bureaucracy

Presidential Checks on Bureaucracy

SC Checks on Bureaucracy

Types of Federal Courts

Types of Jurisdiction and which courts have which types.

Term of Office for Federal Judges

Confirmation Process

Writ of Certiorari

Selection of Cases for Supreme Court

Amicus Curiae Brief

Stare Decisis

Types of Court Opinions

Warren Court

Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint

Majoritarian, Client, Interest Group, & Entrepreneurial Politics

Pork-Barrel Legislation

Logrolling

Deficit vs. Debt

Pocketbook Voting

Troika (Who and Roles)

Monetarism

Keynesianism

Economic Planning

Supply-Side Thoery

Reaganomics

Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy

Federal Reserve

What does the FED do to control Monetary Policy

Structure of the FED

Budget Process

Largest Sources of Revenue

Largest Areas of Spending

Discretionary(controllable) vs. Mandatory (uncontrollable) spending

Entitlements

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings & Budget Enforcement Act of 1990

Kinds of Taxes

Means-Test

Examples of Means-Test Programs

Social Security

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Foreign Policy Options

Foreign Policy Groups (who? and roles)

Foreign Policy: Congress vs. President

Military Chain of Command

Defense Budget

Military-Industrial Complex

EPA

Pollution Offsets and Allowances

Selective Incorporation

14th Amendment

Freedom of Religion

Lemon Test

Freedom of Expression

Clear-and-Present Danger Test

Symbolic Speech

Preferred Position

Prior Restraint

2 Types of Due Process

4th Amendment Protections and Limitations

Exclusionary Rule

Good-Faith Exception

Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois

Gideon v. Wainwright

Court Rulings on the Death Penalty

Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties

Levels of Suspect Classifications

Plessy v. Ferguson; Brown v. BOE

Methods used during the Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

De Jure vs. De Facto Segregation

Privacy Rights

Abortion Rights

Affirmative Action

Court Rulings on Affirmative Action