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EARLY RUSSIAN TRIBES
• Originally home of the Slavs
– Agricultural tribe
• Cimmerians
– 1000-700 BC
• Scythians
– 700-200 BC
– Asian nomadic tribe
• Sarmatians
– 200 BC-200 AD
– Asian nomadic tribe
Scythian engraving
Sarmatian warriors
MIGRATION OF THE SLAVS• West Slavs
– Migrated to Poland, eastern Germany, and Czechoslovakia
• South Slavs– Migrated to Bulgaria,
Greece, Montenegro, Albania, and Yugoslavia
• East Slavs– Stayed in their native region
and became ancestors of Russians and Ukrainians
ARRIVAL OF THE VIKINGS
• East Slavs benefited from contact with Greek city-states around Black Sea– Set up several city-states of their own to trade
with their neighbors• 700 AD• Byzantine Empire
• Prosperity attracted the attention of the Varangians (Vikings)– Would play important role in development of
Russian civilization during 9th and 10th centuries AD
VARANGIAN RUSSIA• Vikings began to use trade
links set up by East Slavs as their own trade route to Constantinople
• Not clear as to precisely how they became rulers of region
• Became upper class within East Slav city-states and dominated trade with Byzantine Empire
EMERGENCE OF THE RUSSIANS• Vikings gradually
became absorbed into East Slav population– Both groups began to
call themselves “Ros”
– By 1100, this mixture of Viking and East Slavic people had become the “Russians”
KIEV• Viking chieftain Rurik assumed
control of all city-states in region– Made capital in Novgorod
• Son Oleg transferred capital to Kiev– Took over some formerly
independent Slav tribes– Took title of “Prince”– Credited with the creation of
the Kievan State
Rurik
Oleg
KIEVAN STATE
• Stretched from Baltic Sea in the north, to Black Sea in the south, and from Nizhny Novgorod in east to Rumania in the west
GOLDEN AGE OF KIEV
• Indigenous culture, art, architecture, language, and law flourished
• Prince Vladimir– Adopted Byzantine
Christianity in 988 – Created Russian
Orthodox Church
RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
• Turned Russia away from Western Europe and influence of Roman Catholic Church
• Cyrillic Alphabet– Invented by St. Cyril
• The institution of a uniform religion, a uniform written language, and a united state headquarter in Kiev helped create idea of a separate Russian state and a sense of national identity.
APPANAGE RUSSIA• Prince Yaroslav divided state
into a number of principalities—one going to each son– 1036-1054 – Kiev itself was controlled by
his sons on a rotating basis– System quickly created
tension and acrimony among descendants and ultimately gave rise to “appanage” Russia
• Period where individual princes ruled pieces of old Kievan state and fought among themselves
MONGOL INVASION• Mongols (Tatars) invade Russia
in 1236 and, by 1242, had conquered all the appanage principalities
• Capital at Old Sarai and developed simple administrative system– Each Russian principality
paid an annual lump sum cash payment to Mongol ruler (khan)
– In exchange, Mongols allowed the various princes to maintain their positions and run their territories as they saw fit
KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
• Mongols appoint one appanage prince to collect tribute for them– Called “Grand Prince”
• Disputes between princes were settled by the principals appearing at Old Sarai– Khan settles dispute– Awards winner, kills loser
• Russian politics took the form of various local princes jockeying and groveling for the support of the Mongol khan in order to advance their petty schemes
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