first results from thermal kinetic inductance detectors
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First Results from
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors:
Highly Multiplexible Bolometric
MKIDs for X-ray Spectroscopy
G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
LTD-16, Grenoble, July 21, 2015
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Why TKIDs for X-ray detection?
TKIDs
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors (TKIDs):
· single pixel energy resolution an utilize frequency domain multiplexing
· usable in a big energy / wavelength range
· can utilize frequency domain multiplexing
· no read noise
· ……… promising as
X-ray detectors!
TKID vs. TES:
TES: · impressive energy resolution
· high time resolution
· multiplexing is complex and
challenging
TKID: · comparable time resolution
· much easier to multiplex
· energy resolution: …..
ideal where spatial resolution is required!
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKID design
TKIDs
Many X-ray photons would penetrate the
superconductor
Microcalorimeter: inductor & absorber on
a free floating Si3N4 membrane
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKIDs
TKID design
: sub-stoichiometric TiNx
Many X-ray photons would penetrate the
superconductor
Microcalorimeter: inductor & absorber on
a free floating Si3N4 membrane
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKIDs
TKID design
: sub-stoichiometric TiNx
: Si3N4 (etched with XeF2)
Many X-ray photons would penetrate the
superconductor
Microcalorimeter: inductor & absorber on
a free floating Si3N4 membrane
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKIDs
TKID design
: sub-stoichiometric TiNx
: Si3N4 (etched with XeF2)
: absorber (Ta or Au)
Many X-ray photons would penetrate the
superconductor
Microcalorimeter: inductor & absorber on
a free floating Si3N4 membrane
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKIDs
TKID design
: sub-stoichiometric TiNx
: Si3N4 (etched with XeF2)
: absorber (Ta or Au)
Many X-ray photons would penetrate the
superconductor
Microcalorimeter: inductor & absorber on
a free floating Si3N4 membrane
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
TKIDs
TKID design
: sub-stoichiometric TiNx
: Si3N4 (etched with XeF2)
: absorber (Ta or Au)
: Nb feedline & ground plane
Mushroom shaped absorbers planned,
current simple absorbers just to reduce
prototype complexity.
Bridges: 0.25 x 2 µm2 cross section
140 µm long
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Single photon pulses
Data analysis
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Single photon pulses
Data analysis
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Analysing max. pulse height doesn’t work.
Data analysis
140 150 160pulse max. [degrees]
no
. o
f e
ve
nts
140 150 160pulse max. [degrees]
no
. o
f e
ve
nts
pulse maximum [degrees]
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Data analysis
Pulse rise time depends on absorption location.
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Why fit pulses?
Pulse fitting
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse fitting
Why fit pulses?
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse fitting
Why fit pulses?
free parameters in pulse model: photon arrival time rise time
fall time max. membrane temperature
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse model: resonance frequency over T
Pulse fitting
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse model: phase shift over frequency
Pulse fitting
as measured
after feedline subtraction
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse model: assumed temperature behaviour
Pulse fitting
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse fitting
Pulse model: assumed temperature behaviour
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse fitting
Pulse model: assumed temperature behaviour
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse model construction
Pulse fitting
base temperature
increased temperature
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Pulse fitting
Pulse model construction
Resolution of 75 eV at 5.9 keV, despite significant design flaws in first TKID prototype
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Energy resolution still restrained by saturation
Achieved energy resolution
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Resonator saturation
Interaction between thermal design and critical temperature
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Resonator saturation
Interaction between thermal design and critical temperature
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Resonator sensitivity
Resonator saturation
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Wrong thermal design
Resonator saturation
too small heat capacity ΔTmembrane = 150 – 200 mK
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Wrong thermal design + high sensitivity = saturation
Resonator saturation
Simple extrapolation: We should be able to resolve
below 10 eV at 5.9 keV by eliminating saturation.
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
How to eliminate saturation?
eliminating saturation:
reduce Qi:
reduces best achievable resolution
increase TiNx Tc:
reduces best achievable resolution
reduces heat capacity
increase measurement temperature:
already near upper limit
increases noise
reduce membrane heat capacity:
issues with Au absorber but
reduces best achievable resolution
…..
measure below resonance frequency:
Resonator saturation
eliminating saturation:
reduce Qi:
reduces best achievable resolution
increase TiNx Tc:
reduces best achievable resolution
reduces heat capacity
increase measurement temperature:
already near upper limit
increases noise
reduce membrane heat capacity:
issues with Au absorber but
reduces best achievable resolution
…..
measure below resonance frequency:
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
How to eliminate saturation?
Resonator saturation
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Measurement below resonance.
driving a TKID below resonance frequency:
Resonator saturation
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
No longer saturated but still high sensitivity.
Resonator saturation
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
More challenging data analysis.
Work in progress.
Δf = 0 kHz Δf = -140 kHz
Δf = -540 kHz Δf = -340 kHz
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
Many thanks to:
Everybody involved
Mazin group at UCSB:
Ben Mazin
Seth Meeker Matt Strader
Paul Szypryt Alex Walter Clint Bockstiegel
Giulia Collura
Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for X-Ray Spectroscopy G. Ulbricht, B.A. Mazin, P. Szypryt, A. B. Walter, C. Bockstiegel
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