first world festival nanotechnology...

FIRST World Festival Nanotechnology Workshop

FIRST WORLD FESTIVAL: April 12, 2007

Don EiglerIBM FellowIBM Almaden Research CenterSan Jose, California

What Do We Mean By Nano ?

Nano =1

1,000,000,000

One nanometer = meter 1

1,000,000,000

5 carbon atoms

1 nanometer

Nanoscience – The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanotechnology – The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.

“Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.” London: The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004.

What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology: Why all the Excitement ?

Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years

Age of exploration and discovery

The potential is staggering

Evolutionary NanotechnologyHistorically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale

Revolutionary NanotechnologyNew nanometer-scale technologies

Three Types of Nanotechnology

Natural NanotechnologyNaturally occurring functional nanometer-scale structures

Evolutionary Nanotechnology

Semiconductor Technology has become a Nanometer-Scale Technology

Evolutionary Nanotechnology

Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology

Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics

Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Carbon Nanotubes

NOT GateNanotube Transistor

Nanotube single electron transistor

Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Millipede Data Storage System

Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Millipede Data Storage System

Natural Nanotechnology

Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University

Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria

Natural Nanotechnology

Courtesy of Prof. Keiichi Namba, Osaka University

Flagellar Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria

Some Social Aspects of Nanotechnology

NanoNano HysteriaHysteria

Type 1 Nano Hysteria

What is wrong:The absence of critical

thought

What is wrong:The absence of critical

thought

Greed Driven “Irrational Exuberance”

Nanotechnology will “transform everything”

Nanotechnology is “The Next Big Thing”“FORBES/WOLFE Nanotech Weekly Insider” by Josh Wolfe

Type 2 Nano Hysteria

What is wrong:The absence of critical

thought

What is wrong:The absence of critical

thought

Fear Driven “Irrational Paranoia”

The “Gray Goo” Scenario: Out of control self-replicating Nanobots

The Benefits and Risks of Nanotech

The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy

Gold Nanoshells

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University

10-300 nm diameter

gold shell

silica core

Are biocompatible

Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body

Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting

Small enough to pass through circulatory system

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University

• BALB/c mice innoculated withCT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells

• Systemically delivered pegylatednanoshells via tail vein injection

• 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min

• Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months

Near IR

Diode Laser

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56

Days after tumor treatment

% s

urvi

ving

Laser + Nanoshells

Laser, No Nanoshells

Untreated

% S

urv

ivin

g

20.0 18.2 22.00.0

76.2

89.2

0.0

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

125.0

Day 0 Day 10

Laser + Nanoshells

Laser, no Nanoshells

Untreated Tumors

Tum

or

size

(mm

2)

The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy

Courtesy of Samuel Courtesy of Samuel StuppStupp, , NortwesternNortwestern UniversityUniversity

Neural Progenitor Nanofibers

REVERSAL OF PARALYSIS

Nanofiber-stimulated re-growth of severed neurons in laboratory tests

The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanofiber Regnerative Medicine

Mistaken Conclusions: An Example

The Smallest Computer Circuit

A

B

C O3 = A + B + C

Inputs Outputs

Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm

O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)

O1 = A * B * C

Made from 541 Carbon Monoxide Molecules

But Carbon Monoxide is a Deadly Poison….Therefore this is a Dangerous Technology !

Hmmm…Is that so?

Lets think a little bit about this.

How much Carbon Monoxide would you need to build a computer ?

Let’s Estimate the Danger

18 Carbon Monoxide molecules do the work of 1 Transistor

A modern computer processor has roughly 100 million Transistors

2 Billion Carbon Monoxide Molecules per computer

Hmmm….How dangerous are 2 billion

carbon monoxide molecules ?

How much Carbon Monoxide do I breathe every day ?

Let’s Estimate the Danger

In the USA, the “Clean Air” limit for carbon monoxide is 9 molecules in 1 million

I breathe about 0.5 liters of air with each breath

I breathe 2 Billion Trillion molecules of carbon monoxide each day

Hmmm….Carbon Monoxide

Nanocomputers don’t seem so dangerous.

Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide to make 1 trillion computers

The world’s population is 6.4 billion

Each day I breathe enough carbon monoxide molecules to provide each person on the planet with 160 computers

Nano can be Green

The Green Side of Nanotech

Reduced consumption of natural resources

Better Materials: Lighter

Stronger Safer

More durableMore easily recycled

Reduced energy consumption

The Risk of Nanotech

The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluatingthe consequences

Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known

How Do We Know Something Is Safe?

I think there is a new world out thereShould be smooth

sailingUnless ….I really should think

this through…

The Dilemma of Columbus

It is virtually impossible to prove that something is absolutely safe

How shall we proceed in a world filled with risk?

Do We Really Want To Advance Technology ?

My Opinion : Mankind derives extraordinary benefit from technology

•Technology integrates societies around the globe

•Technology makes people more inter-dependent on one another

•When societies depend upon one another, they are more likely to work towards achieving common goals and seek peaceful resolution to conflict.

•Technology is the most powerful weapon for creating a stable andpeaceful world.

How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?

•• Eliminate FantasiesEliminate Fantasies•• Understand MotivationsUnderstand Motivations•• Honestly Assess Risks & BenefitsHonestly Assess Risks & Benefits

Are There Monsters ?

Of Course!

Gerd Binnig&

Heini Rohrer

Not yet painted by a Dutch Master(but Rembrandt would certainly have loved to do their portrait)

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

• Atomic resolution images of surfaces • 1986 Nobel Prize in physics

1983

Silicon

Sample

Metal Tip

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Triple-Axis Computer-Controlled Piezoceramic Robot

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Sample

Metal Tip

VV

II

4 Kelvin, Ultra High Vacuum, Scanning Tunneling Microscope

1 cm

vacuum chamber

microscope

STMSTM

Vacuum Vacuum Chambers Chambers

Liquid Liquid Helium Helium DewarDewar

ElectronicsElectronics

ComputerComputer

Welcome to the Nano Frontier

XeXe on Ni (110)on Ni (110)

A Change In Perspective

On the nano frontier, an atom is a big thing

Atom Manipulation

Atom # 1: Xenon on Platinum

before

after

xenonatom

Path

defect

xenonatom

defect

September 28, 1989

TIPTIP

Atom Manipulation

TIPTIP

Atom Manipulation

TIPTIP

Atom Manipulation

Manipulation ModeImaging Mode

TIPTIP

SURFACESURFACE

TIPTIP

SURFACESURFACE

Atom Atom ManipulationManipulation

Molecule Assembly

Copper Copper

Electron Standing Waves

Quantum Corral

Quantum Mirage

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