fish breeding for future environments under climate change
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Selective Breeding in Aquaculture for
Future Environments under
Climate Change
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
FAO International Symposium on
The Role of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food
Sysem and Nutrition
1
Panya Sae-Lim, Antti Kause, Han A. Mulder, and Ingrid Olesen
Source: http://www.fao.org/3/a-bc547e.pdf
Food security and aquaculture
• Food security is the key element to reduce poverty and hunger
• Aquaculture has been contributing significantly to food security (Kent, 1995)
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
FISH TO 2030
Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture
FAOSTAT, 2016
2
70.19078.625
93.612
138.124
151.771
0.000
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
160.000
2013 2020 2030
Million (t)
Projected aquaculture and fish consumption
Aquaculture Food fish consumption
“ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to
the basic food that they need” – FAO, 1983
Climate change
• Consequences of climate change (IPCC and FAO, 2009)
– Global warming
– Sea level rise
– Changes of ocean productivity
– Water shortage
– More frequent extreme climate events
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture
Overview of current scientific knowledge
FAO, 2009
3
Source: http://climate.nasa.gov/
Climate change
• Impact of aquaculture on climate change
– No greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from aquatic animals
– Two majors contributions to GHG emissions in salmon production* (Wright, 2011)
Input power from fossil fuel
Sewage/waste
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
*Salmon Aquaculture GHG Emissions
A Preliminary comparison of land-based closed containment
and open ocean net-pen aqauculture
4
Source: http://www.kidzworld.com/article/1423-fossil-fuel-energy
Effects of climate change on aquaculture
• Opportunities
– Prolong growth period in
temperate regions
– Increase growth and production
– New farm species
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture
Overview of current scientific knowledge
FAO, 2009
5
• Major challenges
Heat stress
Outbreak of existing pathogens
Dispersal of new diseases
Change in water (sea surface) temperature
Selective breeding can increase animals’ adaptation to climate change
Major challenges
• Rising water temperature
– Heat stress
– reduced growth and survival
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Mallet et al., 1999. Growth modelling in accordance with daily
water temperature in European grayling (Thymallus thymallus
L.) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56: 994-1000
6
• Genotype-by-environment
interaction for growth increases
– Lower-than-expected genetic gains in
the other environments (Falconer 1952; Robertson
1959; Mulder & Bijma 2005; Sae-Lim et al., 2014, 2015)
Perf
orm
an
ce
Temperature
ToptTmax
Major challenges
• Reduced growth and summer mortality
– Simulated global warming by +2 oC
• Lower appetite and growth of rainbow trout in
late summer (reviewed by Morgan et al., 2001; Dockray
et al., 1996; Linton et al., 1997)
– 25 % summer mortality of farmed abalone in
Australia - $1.75 million lower profit*
– Mass mortality event (>20%) of Pacific oyster in
Ireland (Malham et al., 2009)
– Combination of environmental and biological factors
causes summer mortality in Pacific oyster (Dégremont
et al., 2007; 2010; Dégremont, 2011; Samain et al., 2007)
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
*Robinson, Nicholas (Personal communication, 2015) 7
Abalone temperature challenge test*
Red = temperature setting
Blue =actual temperature
Black = mortality
Major challenges
• Increase prevalence of pathogen and
change spatial distribution of (new)
disease outbreaks
– More virulent parasites and bacteria in salmon
(McCullough 1999; Harvell et al., 2002; Crozier et al., 2008)
• lower host resistance and higher pathogen
population growth (Marcogliese, 2001)
– Lower resistance to Streptococcus iniae in Tilapia
(O. mossambicus) in low (19 and 23 oC) and high
(31 and 35 oC) water temperature (Ndong et al., 2007)
– Northward expansion of oyster diseases in the
U.S. east coast (Ford, 1996; Cook et al., 1998; Harvell et
al., 2002)
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
8
Adaptive measures
• Three major adaptive strategies
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
9
2) Adoption of
selective breedingAquaculture
1) Breeding for
“robustness”
3) Reduction of
environmental loads
Climate change
Human food
demand
1) Robustness to climate change
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
10
• Fish species are often “poikilothermic”
(“having a body temperature that varies with the temperature of its surroundings”)
– More vulnerable to temperature changes than livestock
• Breeding for “robustness” (Knap, 2005; Ten Napel et al., 2006; Star et al., 2008; Hoffmann, 2010;
Rauw and Gomez-Raya, 2015)
- High production potential
- Resilience, maintain homeostasis
- Take short periods to recover
Breeding goal = Production +
Homeostasis or adaptation +
Disease resistance
1) Robustness to climate change
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Bradshaw, 1965; Falconer, 1990; De Jong and Bijma
2002; Kolmodin et al., 2003; Sae-Lim et al., 2015a,b
11
• Maintain homeostasis = Reducing environmental sensitivity
No sensitivity
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
Enviroment
No difference in
sensitivity
Enviroment
Difference in
sensitivity
Enviroment
Change in ranking
Enviroment
“A presence of GxE interaction = genetic variation in environmental sensitivity”
• Evidences of genetic variation in heat
tolerance in aquaculture
– Thermal sensitivity of growth in rainbow
trout (Sae-Lim et al., 2013)
– Genotype by temperature interaction of
growth in rainbow trout (McKay et al., 1984;
Fishback et al., 2002)
– Different transcriptional responses to heat
stress in Pacific oyster (Lang et al., 2009)
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
12
1) Robustness to climate change
Estimated breeding values of sires for body weight
across water temperature (oC), using reaction norm
model.
Sae-Lim et al. / One size fits all, PhD thesis (2013)
It is possible to select for heat tolerance
• Disease resistance and Tolerance
(Kause and Ødegård, 2012)
– Different traits by definition
• Pathogen burden increases with
higher water temperature
– Tolerant genotypes is favorable
– No study in this context
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
13
1) Robustness to climate change
Kause and Ødegård / Frontiers in Genetics Vol. 3, Article 262 (2012)
T(oC)
• Low adoption of selective breeding
– Selective breeding is a long-term, cost-effective
strategy.
– Less than 10% of world aquaculture (Gjedrem et al.,
2012)
High inbreeding, inbreeding depression and
environmental sensitivity
Poor performance with low growth and survival
Less efficient use of resources, i.e., electricity,
land, water, and feed per kg fish
– Breeding programme is prerequisite for utilizing
genomic information, e.g., QTL-IPN in salmon
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
14
2) Adoption of selective breeding
Aquaculture production (fish and shellfish) based on varying
frequencies of genetically improved stocks with a genetic gain
of 5.4% per year (12.5% genetic gain per generation/ 2.3 years
generation interval).
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Gjedrem (Personal communication, 2016) 15
2) Adoption of selective breeding
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
30 years agoToday
Months in seawater
Weig
ht
(g)
$
Rapid growth through selective breeding of salmon in Norway
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
Thodesen et al. (2001)
*Gjedrem, personal communication, 2016
16
2) Adoption of selective breeding
Selected (5th gen) vs. Wild salmon (Thodesen et al., 2001)
S - W, %
Growth +113
Feed-uptake +40
Protein utilization +9
Energy utilization +14
Feed conversion efficiency +20
Norwegian salmon industry 2014
Reduced feed cost:
NOK 5 billion (>USD 611 million)
~ 0.5 million tonnes/yr*
• Defining breeding goals
– Environmental consequences of genetic improvement (Besson et al., 2016)
Combining life cycle analysis and bio-economic model
“Environmental values”
– Selection for growth rate and feed conversion ratio in catfish
Lower GHG emission and other environmental loads
Limiting factor is stocking density
• Possibility to evaluate breeding strategies
– (Total) genetic gain and environmental loads
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
17
3) Life cycle analysis and breeding goals
• Climate change may pose opportunities and challenges to
aquaculture
• Selective breeding is a long-term, cost-effective strategy to adapt
aquaculture to climate change
– Increased robustness will be the key to success
“Stakeholders should support a boost in the adoption of selective
breeding to improve global food security under climate change”
15-17 February 2016
FAO Headquarters, Rome,
Italy
18
Concluding remarks
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