fish heath management lab 4: hematology february 23 rd. 2009
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Cold Blooded Vertebrates
• Primary site of hematopoiesis is anterior fourth of Primary site of hematopoiesis is anterior fourth of the kidneythe kidney
• Spleen is a accessory area of hematopoiesis as well Spleen is a accessory area of hematopoiesis as well as the site for blood cell destructionas the site for blood cell destruction
• Bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes serve this Bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes serve this function warm blooded vertebratesfunction warm blooded vertebrates
• Various types of blood cells in head kidney:Various types of blood cells in head kidney:– ImmatureImmature– MatureMature– Red Blood Cells and White Blood CellsRed Blood Cells and White Blood Cells
Blood Cell Types
• Hemocytoblasts- Stem Cell or blast cells,- Most abundant in hematopoietic tissue of kidney, rare in blood
• Erythrocytes- Red Blood Cells- Carries Oxygen
• Leukocytes- White Blood Cells- Blood Clotting- Phagocytosis- Inflammation Response
Erythrocytes• Primary Function: Oxygen
transport
• Elongated elliptical cell: 13-16 m long by 7-10 wide m
• Nucleus centrally located, elliptical in shape
• Poly-chromatins- Immature erythrocytes-less elliptical with bluish-gray cytoplasm
Ghost Cells
• Artifact of SamplingArtifact of Sampling– Not definedNot defined– Breakdown and Breakdown and
waste of cellswaste of cells• necrosisnecrosis
Lymphocytes
• Usually sparse in the blood
• Spherical in shape, 7-10 m
• Eccentrically located spherical nucleus- stains reddish-purple
Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)• Only granulocytic
leukocyte present in rainbow trout
• Origin and function of these cells not well understood
• Accounts for 1-9% of total leukocytes
• Average diameter is 9-13 m
• Multi-lobed nucleus (2-5 lobes)
Thrombocytes
• Occur in varying shapes and size: elongated, spiked, fusiform, and spheroid.
• Elongated - 5-8 m long
• Spiked – streaked cytoplasm on one end
• Fusiform- streaked cytoplasm on both ends
• Spheroid- dense nuclei, little or no cytoplasm
Monocytes and Macrophages
• Monocytes- large 9-25 m
• Indistinguishable from Macrophages once in tissue
• Cytoplasm often has granules and a large nucleus
• Macrophages not usually seen in blood
Blood Sampling
Non-Lethal• Mouth Catheterization• Caudal Artery• Heart
Lethal• Sever Caudal Peduncle • Sever Gill
Blood Assessment
• Three Indexes:– Red Blood Cell Abundance• Hemoglobin • Hematocrit - Ratio of Packed RBC’s to total blood
volume
• Variations in reading can be caused by species, sex, age, temperature, clotting, water quality, season
Hematocrit Readings
• Normal– Dependent upon species– 25-40%
• Low– Indicates anemia, gill damage, osmoregulation
impairment– <15%
• High– Indicates stress, dehydration, hemoglobin
concentrations – >40%
Lab Procedure
• Take blood from caudal artery
• Use one tube for Blood Smear
• Seal other 2 with CritoSeal at vacant end
• Measure % of both
• Tissue imprints
Tissue Imprints
• Cut a small piece of Tissue
• Using forceps, create imprints by touching tissue to slide in succession
K L S
Fish 1
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