foner lecture ch25

Give Me Liberty!:An American history

Chapter 25The Sixties,1960–1968

The Freedom Movement

• The Rising Tide of Protest

(Above R) Participants in a sit-in in Raleigh, NC; (R) Civil rights demonstrators in Orangeburg, South Carolina, in 1960; (Above L) Civil rights demonstrators.

The Freedom

Movement• Birmingham• The March on

Washington

(Above) A fireman assaulting young African-American demonstrators with a high-pressure hose during the climactic demonstrations in Birmingham, AL, which were broadcast on live TV; (L) Part of the crowd that gathered at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington.

The Kennedy Years

• Kennedy and the World

(Above) A Saturn V rocket launches Apollo 11 in 1969; (L) U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Missile transports and tents for fueling and maintenance are visible.

The Kennedy Years

• The Missile Crisis• Kennedy and Civil

Rights

(Above R) Lyndon B. Johnson being sworn in aboard Air Force One after the Kennedy assassination; (L) Reading the news of President Kennedy’s assassination.

Lyndon Johnson’s

Presidency

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Freedom Summer

(Above R) Fannie Lou Hamer testifying about civil and voting rights discrimination; (L) Young activists from all racial backgrounds pushed for civil rights during the Freedom Summer bus tour.

Lyndon Johnson’s

Presidency• The 1964 Election• The Conservative

Sixties

(Above) Map 25.1 The Presidential Election of 1964; (L) A 1967 rally by members of Young Americans for Freedom, a conservative group that flourished in the 1960s.

Lyndon Johnson’s

Presidency• The Voting Rights Act• Immigration Reform

(Above) A white native of Selma, AL offers her support to civil rights demonstrators; (L) President Johnson shakes Dr. King’s hand after signing the Voting Rights Act of 1964.

Lyndon Johnson’s

Presidency• The Great Society• The War on Poverty

(Above) Figure 25.1 Percentage of Population Below Poverty Level, by Race, 1959–1969*; (L) President Lyndon Johnson visited Appalachia as part of the War on Poverty.

The Changing Black

Movement• Freedom and

Equality• The Ghetto

Uprisings

(Above) A burned store in Los Angeles during the 1965 riots; (L) Striking sanitation workers.

The Changing Black Movement

• Malcolm X• The Rise of Black Power

(Above) The Liberation of Aunt Jemima; (L) Malcolm X meeting Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; (Center) Black American athletes raise the black power fist during a 1968 Olympics gold medal ceremony.

Vietnam and the New Left• Old and New Lefts• The Fading Consensus• The Rise of Students

for a Democratic Society (SDS)

(Above) Members of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); (L) Police arresting Mario Savio, a leader of the Berkeley Free Speech movement.

Vietnam and the

New Left• American and

Vietnam

(Above R) Map 25.2 The Vietnam War, 1964-1975; (L) The war in Vietnam under discussion at a Cabinet meeting.

Vietnam and the

New Left• Lyndon

Johnson’s War

(Above R) American soldiers in South Vietnam carrying wounded men; (L) (Above) A massive 1969 antiwar demonstration.

Vietnam and the New Left

• The Antiwar Movement• The Counterculture• Personal Liberation and the

Free Individual

(R) A poster listing some of the performers at Woodstock; (Center) Two young members of the counterculture at their wedding in New Mexico; (L) Timothy Leary, a promoter of hallucinogenic LSD, listening to a band.

The New Movements and the Rights

Revolution• The Feminine Mystique• Women’s Liberation

(Above) A 1970 women’s liberation demonstration at the Statue of Liberty; (L) A race official tries to eject Kathrine Switzer fromthe Boston Marathon as male runners intervene.

The New Movements

and the Rights

Revolution

• Personal Freedom• Gay Liberation

(Above) Part of the Gay Liberation Day demonstration after the Stonewall riots; (L) Marchers protest the lack of rights for gay Americans.

The New Movements and the Rights Revolution

• Latino Activism• Red Power

(Above) César Chavez speaking for Latino rights at a rally; (L) The occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay in 1969 by “Indians of All Tribes” symbolized the emergence of a new militancy among Native Americans.

The New Movements

and the Rights

Revolution

• Silent Spring• The New

Environmentalism

(Above R) Author Rachel Carson and her book Silent Spring; (L) The book raised awareness of environmental issues.

The New Movements and the Rights

Revolution

• The Rights Revolution• Policing the States• The Right to Privacy(Above) Karl Hubenthal’s December 8,

1976, cartoon highlights American civil rights; (L) Female students on a college campus.

1968

• A Year of Turmoil

• The Global 1968

(Above) Television brought the Vietnam War into American homes in a new and immediate way; (L) A mural in Belfast, Northern Ireland highlights the global impact of the American civil rights debates.

1968

• Nixon’s Comeback• The Legacy of the

Sixties(Above R) Map 25.3 The Presidential Election of 1968; (L) Signs, a 1970 painting by Robert Rauschenberg.