food security in complex emergencies a challenge for fao prabhu pingali, director, esa international...
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Food Security in Complex Emergencies
A Challenge for FAO
Prabhu Pingali, Director, ESAINTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
23 – 25 SEPTEMBER 2003, TIVOLI, ITALY
Our Concerns with Food Security in Complex Emergencies
• Major ESA research themes• The incidence in low-income countries• From emergency relief to rebuilding food systems
resilience• Policy and planning framework for longer-term
food security responses• Critical component of the FAO/EC Food Security
Programme
Trends in Causes of Food Emergencies
Source: FAO
Numbers of countries affected
Countries Facing Food Emergencies in 2003
Total38
Africa25
Asia 6
Latin America 5
Europe 2Source: GIEWS
Main Cause of Emergencies in the African Countries in 2003
Total 25
Human Induced 9
Weather Induced 9
Combined: Human and Weather 7
ODA and Emergency Assistance in Developing Countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ODA excl. emerg. Assistance emergency assistance
ODA excl. emergency assistancebillion US$
emergency assistancebillion US$ Developing countries
End of Cold War
Source FAO: OECD datasets
Food Aid for Natural and Human Induced Emergencies
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Human induced emergencies
Natural emergencies
million US$
13 Countries Facing Complex Emergencies: People Affected,Food Aid and ODA
0
5
10
15
20
25
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 010.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00 Sudan
Somalia
Sierra Leone
Rwanda
P alestine
Liberia
Congo, Dem Rep
Burundi
Angola
Afghanistan
emergency food aid(100 millionUS$) ODA excl. FA (billionUS$)
millions of people affected US$
Conflicts: People Affected, ODA, Emergency Assistance
Congo, Dem. Rep.
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
million people affected
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
million US$
million people affected emergency assistance (million US$)
ODA excl. EA (million US$)
Sudan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
million people affected
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
million US$
million people affected emergency assistance (million US$)ODA excl. EA (million US$)
Somalia
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
million people affected
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
million US$
million people affected emergency assistance (million US$)
ODA excl. EA (million US$)
May 1997 Mobutu Departure
Source FAO: OECD and CRED datasets
Per Capita Emergency Assistance and ODA
Sudan
0.05.0
10.015.020.025.030.035.0
USD
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Affected
Somalia
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0USD
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Congo, Dem. Rep.
0.020.040.060.080.0
100.0120.0140.0
USD
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Affected
Emergency assistance USD per head
ODA USD per capita
Million people affected
Dimensions of Food SecurityAvailability Access Stability
Domestic production
Import capacity
Food aid
Income distribution / Poverty
Access to assets (e. g. land)
Markets and infrastructure capacity
Weather variability
Price variability
Security and political stability
Impact of Conflict on Food Availability
Impact of Conflict on Access to Food
– People directly affected by conflict;– Displaced persons loosing access to their
food entitlements;– Persons trapped in conflict zones cut-off from
market links and relief food;– Those loosing employment and income as a
result of fighting, economic decline and informal taxation (war tax).
Impact of Conflict on Stability of Food Supply and Access
• impacts on prices and markets;
• exacerbates the effects of natural disasters;
• weakens institutions– safety nets– insurances
Complex Emergencies Beyond Conflict
• Large Scale Epidemics (e. g. HIV/AIDS);
• Macro-economic policy failures
…may create crisis with similar food security implications as those involving violent conflict, particularly when combined with institutional breakdown and collapse.
HIV/AIDS and Food Security
Determinant Effects of the Pandemic on
Availability labour, productive capital, agricultural knowledge
Access Decline in household disposable income, breakdown of traditional safety nets
Stability Viability of institutions and markets
Food Security and Economic Collapse
Determinant
Availability Food import capacity decline
Access to technology
Access Loss of employment sources
and safety nets
“Agriculture as a buffer”
Stability Market price variation, market disruption, economic
collapse
ConclusionsWe need to:• better understand the factors that contribute to the
resilience of agricultural and food systems in protracted complex emergencies;
• develop new approaches to designing flexible, principled support to that resilience in situations subject to political manipulation and rapid change;
• establish responsive policy and planning frameworks capable of putting these approaches into effect;
• make sure that these frameworks use field research and information systems that can adequately capture the complexity of complex emergencies.
Thank you
WWW. FAO.ORG/ESA
WWW.FAO.ORG/CRISISANDHUNGER
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