food security: sustainable production and distribution

Food Security:Sustainable Production and Distribution

OutlineFood security definition01

From Green Revolution to Gene Revolution03

Green Revolution02

Food Security

Cansu Kurban

What is Food Security?Definition:All people at all times have economic & physical access to adequate amounts of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make informed decisions about their food choices.

Availability The availability of sufficient quantities of

food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports.

Access Access by individuals to adequate

resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources).

Stability To be food secure, a population, household

or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security.

Utilization Utilization of food through adequate

diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security.

Household Level The concept of food security can be

applied at a household level to hunger in developing countries, as well as to low income earners in otherwise rich countries - with different implications for policy.

National Level A nation’s ability to meet domestic food

demand. Both domestic production and

international trade contribute to national food security.

National Level - Turkey

Turkey: Per capita food supply

Quantity [kcal/capita/day]

1994 1999 2004 2009

FoodSupply

3728 3618 3615 3697

Global Level Production and distribution of sufficient

food to meet fundamental nutritional requirements around the world.

Global Level

Global Level

Question What should a nation/government do to

provide food security?

Some answers… Increase production Improve financial access Improve physical access Provide income support Population planning

Refrences http://www.pedalandplow.com/2013/02/21/w

hat-is-food-security/

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=TUR

http://www.natural-habitats.com/en/blog/food_security/

http://www.thisissierraleone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/food-security

http://www.desdemonadespair.net/2011/09/graph-of-day-global-food-security.html

Green Revolution

Ece Oğuzkan 13306

Definition; The process of increasing food

production and improving its quality to sustain population growth without compromising enviromental safety.

Agricultural Evolution Mankind has engaged in agriculture for

only 1% of his existence Agriculture has been practiced for 10,000

years Pregriculture hunter/gatherers Subsistence agriculture 8500 years Feudal agriculture 1000 years Scientific agriculture last 400 years

Green Revolution last 30 years

What made people to think an idea like Green Revolution?

More urban people Population increasing rapidly Food production not keeping pace with

population

What Was theGreen Revolution? Term coined by U.S. Agency for

International Development director William Gaud (March 1968)

Movement to increase yields by using: New crop cultivars Irrigation Fertilizers Pesticides Mechanization

What Was theGreen Revolution? A planned international effort funded by:

Rockefeller Foundation Ford Foundation Many developing country

governments Purposed to eliminated hunger by

improving crop performance Important figure Norman Borlaug

Norman Earnest Borlaug(1914 -)

Considered father of Green Revolution U.S. plant pathologist/plant breeder Joined the Rockefeller Foundation in

1944 Assigned to the international maize and

wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) in Mexico

Won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize

Why are we in the Aftermath?

Rapid increases in yield greatly diminishing

Population is still on the rise Modern practices have

Caused many environmental problems Increased the cost of production

Promise of Green Revolution Eliminate hunger, More urban people Population increasing rapidly Food production not keeping pace Increase global carrying capacity Increase yields Increase technological knowledge Get the materials to rural farmers

Traditional Practices

Little fertilizer Little irrigation Subsistence farming Conventional cultivars

Traditional Varieties Little response to fertilizer

Increased vegetative growth Results in lodging

Great variability in fields Required long growing seasons Some years yield adequate Some years NOT

New High Yield Cultivars

Semi-dwarf rice and wheat Uniform Good response to fertilizer Earlier maturing

Fertilizer New varieties responded reproductively Grain yields drastically increased

Mexico 1950: 300,000 metric tons of wheat 1970: 2,600,000 metric tons of wheat

Worldwide 1950: 14 million tons of food

1990: 144 million tons of food

New Irrigation Strategies

Tubewells and electric pumps Minimize drought failures Modern systems provided 5 times the

water More efficient

Extended Seasons and Land Use Use of drought resistant strains Multiple cropping

Two crops of wheat in many countries Fertilizer plus irrigation

Crop growth in dry seasons & dry land Production on previously nonarable

land

Pesticides

Decreased crop loss by pests Created easier mechanical harvest Increased food quality

Mechanization

Ability to farm much larger acreages Less field variability Fewer people involved in production Higher total output

Social Improvements

Food production increased over 1000% from 1960 to 1990

Famine decreased 20% from 1960 to 1990

Caloric consumption per capita increased 25% from 1960 to 1990

Rise in incomes and standards of living

Post Green Revolution Problems

Many direct problems created Variety and input accessibility Production cost Environmental issues Distribution problems Some problems are still unsolved

Inaccessibility Not every farmer has access to:

New varieties Fertilizer Equipment Pesticides(tarım ilaçları) Irrigation

Production Cost

Modern varieties require Irrigation

Some cultivars are non-drought tolerant Fertilizer

Poor growth without it Pesticides

More susceptible to pests Many farmers can’t afford these

Environmental Issues

Salinization by irrigation Aquifers drying up Top soil erosion Soil nutrient depletion Pesticide-resistant species

Distribution Problems

Transportation poor in many countries Can’t get the inputs to the farm Can’t get the crops off the farm

Storage problems Food produced, but lost

Unsolved Problems Growth rate of population still increasing Growth rate of production slowing down Not much more crop land Losing crop land to urbanization Famine still exists Meat consumption increasing

Less efficient use (10%)

Green Revolution Success Story?

Increased food production 1000+% by: Using new crop varieties, irrigation,

fertilizers, pesticides and mechanization

Decreased famine 20% Increased global carrying capacity

Green Revolution Success Story?

Did not eliminate famine Population still increasing Increased cost of production An increased negative environmental

impact Didn’t work for everyone

Question? Is Green Revolution a successful story?

Answer Is Green Revolution a successful story?

It depends which side you are looking from.

References http://world.edu/africas-farmers-chinese-

green-revolution-narrative/

http://mac.brothersoft.com/design-resources/green-revolution-brushes-37080.html

www.sciencemag.org http://

villamarina76.com/wp-admin/soil-erosion-pictures

From Green Revolution to Gene RevolutionCansu Eriş

Genetic EngineeringTechnique that transfers gene(s) of interest to develop and improve plants, animals and other organisms

Genetic engineering makes it possible to combine characteristics from genetically different plants and to incorporate desired traits into crop lines and animals, producing so-called transgenic, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Process of Crop Genetic Engineering

1) DNA IsolationAll of the DNA is extracted out of an organism that has the desired traits

2) Cloning GenesThe single gene that codes for the desired protein must then be located and copied out all of the DNA extracted from the organism’s cell

3) Designing GenesOnce the gene of interest has been cloned, genetic engineers modify it to express in a specific way when inside the plant.

3) Designing Genes (Cont.)

Enzymes are used to cut the gene apart.

3) Designing Genes (Cont.)

One or more of the three gene regions can then be replaced or modified.

3)Designing Genes (Cont.) The gene regions are bonded back together and function as a normal gene. Since the DNA has been cut apart and put back together in a new combination, it is called recombinant DNA

5) TransformationAfter gene modification, the new gene is inserted into a single plant cell using one of the transformation methods such as gene gun or agrobacterium.

6) Tissue CulturePlant cells divide in tissue culture; each cell contains the foreign gene. Using tissue culture techniques, cells are regenerated into plants.

The result is a transgenic plant with a new gene in every one of its cells.

7) Plant Breeding

Cross breeding is used to move the transgene into high yielding elite line

Conventional Breeding

Genetic Engineering

Question: What are the differences between Genetic engineering and Conventional breeding ?

Allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes, between either closely or distantly related organisms

Crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional breeding

Limited to exchange

between the same or

very closely related

species

Little or no guarantee of

obtaining any particular

gene combination from

the millions of crossed

generated

Undesirable genes can be

transferred along with

desirable genes.

Take a long time to

achieve desired results

Conventional Breeding Genetic Engineering

Answer:

Conventional Breeding

Wild Relative Crop Plant

Genetic Engineering

Wild Relative Crop Plant

Differences Cont.

The Promise

Biotechnology Offers Great Promises

The Objectives of Agricultural Biotechnology

1. To incorporate resistance to diseases and pests that

attack important tropical plants

2. To increase tolerance to environmental conditions such

as drought and a high salt level which stress most plants

3. To improve the nutritional value of commonly eaten

crops

4. To produce pharmaceutical products in ordinary crop

plants (pharma crops)

Important Environmental Benefits of Bioengineered Crops

Reductions in the use of pesticides crops are already resistant to

pests

Less erosion no-till cropping is facilitated by the use of herbicide-

resistant crops

Less environmental damage associated with bringing more land

into production existing agricultural lands will produce more food

Possible Pathways How GM Crops Could Impact Food Security

1. GM crops could contribute to food production increases

improving the availability of food at global and local levels.

2. GM crops could affect food quality.

3. GM crops could influence the economic and social situation of

farmers.

First Pathway

GM technologies could make food crops higher yielding and more

robust to biotic and abiotic stresses. This could stabilize and

increase food supplies, which is important against the background

of increasing food demand, climate change, and land and water

scarcity.

Second Pathway

GM technology can help to breed food crops with

higher contents of micronutrients. Projections show that they could

reduce nutritional deficiencies among the poor, entailing sizeable

positive health effects.

Eg. Golden Rice with provitamin A in the grain

Third Pathway

Half of all undernourished people worldwide are small-scale farmers in

developing countries. GM crop is used by smallholder farmers in developing

countries.

Eg. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, which is grown by around 15 million

smallholders in India, China, Pakistan, and a few other developing countries.

When cotton farmers began turning to Bt cotton:

Less pesticide usage

Saving money

Saving time

Eat or Not?

The Problems

2Food Safety

1Environmental Problems

3Access to the New Techniques

1. Environmental ConcernsPest-resistant properties of GM crops genetically enhanced weeds

Economic disaster for farmers

Ecological impact of the crops Eg. Beneficial insects be killed by the toxin of Bt corn

Genes for herbicide resistance or for tolerance to drought and other environmental can spread by pollen to ordinary crop plants or their wild relatives Super weeds

2. Food SafetyTransgenic crops contain proteins from different

organisms and might trigger an unexpected allergic

response in people.

Eg. Soybean containing gene from Brazil nut

Antibiotic-resistant genes used as markers in some

transgenic plants could spread to disease causing

bacteria in humans.

Pharma crops could contaminate ordinary food crops

– some of the compounds being harmful if ingested by

people or animals.

3. Access to the New Techniques

Farmers in the developing countries are less able to afford the higher

costs of the new seeds.

Genetically modified seeds are spreading rapidly through seed “Piracy”

A. Soybean

What is the first genetically modified crop in the world?

B. Corn

C. Tomato D. Cotton

A. Soybean

What is the first genetically modified crop in the world?

B. Corn

C. Tomato D. Cotton

http://passel.unl.edu/communities/index.php?idcollectionmo

dule=1130274210&allanims=1

Inroduction to Biotechnology William J. Thieman Micheall, A.

Palladino Third Edition

Environmental Science Richard T. Wright, Dorothy F. Boorse

Environment Peter H. Raven ,Linda R. Berg, David M.

Hassenzahl

Environmental Science Daniel B. Botkin, Edward A. Keller

References