foreign policy chapter 18. foreign policy –the mix of military, diplomatic, and economic policies...

Foreign PolicyForeign PolicyChapter 18

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Foreign Policy– The mix of military, diplomatic, and

economic policies that define United States relations with other nations around the world.

– The policy interests of the United States in the global community.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Foreign policy includes the techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals, as well as the goals themselves.– Diplomacy– Economic Aid– Technical Assistance– National Security and Defense Policies

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Diplomacy– The peaceful negotiation of economic

and political relationships between different countries.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Economic Aid– Assistance to other nations in the

form of grants, loans, or credits to buy the assisting nation’s products.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Technical Assistance– The practice of sending experts in

such areas as agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• National Security Policy– Foreign and domestic policy designed

to protect the nation’s independence and political and economic integrity.

– Policy that is concerned with the safety and defense of the nation.

– Generally refers to the “less than peaceful” relations between nation states.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Defense Policy– A subset of national security policy

concerning the US Armed Forces. – Direct the size and scale of the US

military.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• American foreign policy exists as a combination of moral idealism and political realism.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Moral Idealism– A philosophy that views nations as

normally willing to cooperate and to agree on moral standards for conduct.

– “We should come together for peace”• Political Realism

– A philosophy that views each nation as acting principally in its own interest.

– “To maintain peace, we must prepare for war”

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• The President and Foreign Policy– Commander in Chief– Treaties and Executive Agreements– Other Powers

• Appoint ambassadors• Recognition of foreign governments

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Department of State– Agency home of diplomats embassies,

treaty negotiators and most foreign aid programs run by the U.S.

– Supervises US relations with independent nations and multinational groups

– Secretary of State is the nation’s chief foreign policy adviser

– Secretary of State: John Kerry

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Intelligence Community– The government agencies that gather

information about the capabilities and intentions of foreign governments or that engage in covert actions.

– Consists of about forty agencies, including the CIA.

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)– Cornerstone of the U.S. efforts to

gather and analyze data in order to confront America’s real and potential enemies.

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Department of Defense– Brings all the actions of the various

military establishments under the control of a single department headed by a civilian secretary of defense.

– Largest federal department with approximately 665,000 employees

– Headquarters is the Pentagon– Secretary of Defense: Chuck Hagel

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• The National Security Council– Consists of the President, Vice President,

Secretaries of State and Defense, Director of Emergency Planning and sometimes the Director of the CIA and the Chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

– Advises the President on the integration of “Domestic, Foreign, and Military policies relating to the national security”

– Provides policy continuity from one administration to the next.

Foreign Policy and the Foreign Policy and the Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• Military-Industrial Complex– The three components (military,

industry, and members of Congress from states that depend on the arms industry) that mutually benefit from a high level of defense spending.

– Often feared by civilians, this shows the influence that foreign policy can have on the economy of certain areas.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The Formative Years– Both Washington and Jefferson were

clear that they wanted to avoid “entangling alliances.” Because of this, the United States stayed out of the affairs of Europe while expanding it’s own territory.

– Relied on the oceans to provide defense from the rest of the world.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Monroe Doctrine– Delivered by 5th President James

Monroe in 1823– Three Principles:

• European nations should not establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere

• European nations should not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the Western Hemisphere

• The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The Monroe Doctrine began an era of isolationism.

• Isolationism– A policy that states the country

should deliberately avoid a large role in world affairs and instead concentrate on domestic concerns.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The Spanish American War was the United State’s response to Spanish control over territories in the Western Hemisphere (and was motivated by a desire for Cuban independence from Spain).

• Victory gave the United States control over Guan, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, but signaled an end to Isolationism.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The doctrine of isolationism took another hit when the United States entered World War I in response to German sinking of passenger ships headed to Britain.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The United States returned to Isolationism through the 1920s and 30s, dealing with economic problems at home, and largely refraining from entering into the growing conflict in Europe.

• The policy of isolationism permanently ended on a “day that will live in infamy.”

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec 7th, 1941 signaled the beginning of the period of internationalism in US foreign policy.

• Internationalism– An ideology that emphasizes

involving the country deeply in world affairs.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• This internationalism increased as the United States entered World War II.

• Following World War II, the Untied States was the only participating country to have its economy bolstered rather than decimated.

• This allowed the United States to help her allies greatly, through the Marshall Plan

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Marshall Plan– Program that provided aid to rebuild

Western European economies after World War II

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The United States also exited World War II as the only nation having Nuclear Weapons, making it the world’s one true Superpower.

Nuclear Nations (and Nuclear Nations (and year of successful year of successful

tests) tests) • United States 1945• Russia 1949• United Kingdom 1952• France 1960• China 1964• India 1974• Pakistan 1998• N Korea 2006

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization– Established in 1949, a military

alliance of the United States and a number of European Nations that pledged to join forces against an attack by any external threat.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Relations with the USSR quickly deteriorated following World War II.

• Soviet Bloc– The Soviet Union and the Eastern

European Countries that installed Communist regimes after World War II and that were dominated by the Soviet Union.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Iron Curtain– The term used to describe the division of

Europe between the Soviet bloc and the West; coined by Winston Churchill.

• Cold war– The period from the late 1940’s to the late

1980’s in which the United States and Soviet Union engaged in diplomatic and economic hostility but not full-fledged war.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Truman Doctrine– Policy adopted by Harry Truman to halt

Communist expansion in Southeastern Europe

– A clear message of enacting containment policy.

• Containment Policy– A US Diplomatic Policy adopted by the

Truman administration to contain Communist power within its existing boundaries.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Though the Cold War was mostly a non- armed conflict, there are two clear examples of United States armed conflict with the Soviet supported nations, and one example of near conflict with the USSR itself.– Korean War– Vietnam War– Cuban Missile Crisis

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Korean War– Northern Korea was occupied by the Soviet

Union, while Southern Korea was occupied by the United States.

– 1950 – North Korean invades South Korea prompting the United States (with UN backing) to enter the war for the South Koreans

– China then entered for the North Koreans, forcing a stalemate.

– Armistice signed in 1953 – created two independent Korean Nations which still exist today.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Vietnam War– Northern Vietnam (communist) and Southern

Vietnam (pro-west) were in a civil war. – Two independent Vietnams created in 1954 and

American troops were sent to South Vietnam to defend Northern Advances.

– 58,000 Americans died and 300,000 were wounded– Peace agreement in 1973 allowed US forces to

leave, however by 1975 North Vietnam had invaded again, capturing South Vietnam and uniting the country as a communist state.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• We did not have clear goals • We did not understand the political

aspects of the war

• We did not understand the nature of guerilla warfare

• We were impatient with the war and were unwilling to devote unending resources to winning it

• We did not have the public support

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Cuban Missile Crisis– 1962 – Communist Cuba fears American

invasion– Soviet Union places missiles on the Cuban

coast – 90 miles from American Soil. – President Kennedy sets up a Naval

Blockade, prompting the Soviets to also send ships.

– Peace prevails, and negotiates remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and American missiles from Turkey.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Détente– A French word meaning a relaxation of

tensions. – Characterizes US-Soviet relations as they

developed under President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

– Many reasons for the period of détente, one of which was deterrence policy

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Deterrence policy– The idea that nuclear war can be

discouraged if each side in a conflict has the capacity to destroy the other with nuclear weapons.

– “Mutually assured destruction”

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty– Treaty between the United States and

the Soviet Union to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries.

– Signed in May of 1972

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Fall of the Soviet Union– Giving into demands for more autonomy

from the republics in the USSR, the soviet union dissolved in 1991.

– This gave way to a unipolar system.– Unipolar Power Structure

• A power structure dominated by a single powerful actor, as in the case of the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The First Gulf War– In the most clear cut case of aggression against

an independent nation since World War II, Saddam Hussein occupied neighbor Kuwait

– American troops (with UN approval) were dispatched to Kuwait, and drove Hussein into retreat in a matter of days.

– The cease fire included an agreement that Iraq would allow UN weapons inspectors to oversee the dismantling of all medium range misses and all chemical and nuclear weapon research facilities.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Multilateralism– The situation in which nations act

together in response to problems and crises.

– Because the first Gulf War had UN support, it is said to have been an act of multilateralism.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The war on terror– Sept 11 attacks

• Terrorism– No accepted international definition – 3 tenants:

• Violent acts intended to create fear• Religious, political, or ideological goal• Deliberately target civilians

• War in Afghanistan (Oct 2001-Present)– 2 Goals:

• Dismantle Al Qaeda presence – Many escaped into caves/Pakistan

• Remove Taliban from Power/Capture Osama Bin Laden

• Bin Laden killed May 2011

– Troops to be removed by the end of 2014– Deaths of both soldiers and civilians number

in tens of thousands– US Soldiers: approx 2200 deaths

Preemptive War Doctrine• The idea that the United States could

attack a potentially threatening nation even if the threat had not yet reached a serious and immediate level.

• Also called “Bush Doctrine”

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• The Second Gulf War– Due to the perceived threat that Iraq

posed, and due to limitations placed on UN weapons inspectors, US and British troops invaded Iraq in 2003 (without UN approval) and within weeks had dispatched Saddam Hussein from power.

– The problem of rebuilding is the real face of modern warfare.

A Brief History of US A Brief History of US Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Unilateralism– The situation in which one nation

takes action against another state or states.

– Even though some allies were involved, the lack of other support makes the Second Gulf War essentially an act of unilateralism.

North Korean NukesNorth Korean Nukes

• Timeline of interest– 06-07 successful detonation of nuke– 07 promises to dismantle program for

fuel– 07-10 dismantling takes place– 2011- Kim Jong Il passes Kim Il Sung

takes over– 2012 ICBM test– 2013- Current controversy.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Economic Globalization– The increased interdependence of

nations’ economies. The change is a result of technological, transportation, and communication advances that have enabled firms to deploy their resources around the globe.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Multinational Corporations– Business firms with major operations

in more than one country– Nearly all large US firms are now

multinational corporations.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Free Trade– The condition where tariffs and other

barriers to trade between nations are kept to a minimum

• Protectionism– The placing of the immediate interests

of domestic producers (through tariffs, for example) above that of free trade between nations.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Tariff – A tax on goods exchanged between

nations.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)– An agreement signed in 1992 to

reduce tariff and nontariff barriers to trade and investment among Canada, Mexico and the United States.

The Economy and The Economy and Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• Until recently, the United States mostly supported free trade. However, protectionism has gained footing in recent years:– Countries getting an advantage

through worker and environmental exploitation

– Unemployment in America