foriegn policy

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN

Location

West part of South Asia. It lies between the latitudes of 23.30 degree and 35.45 degree north and between the longtitudes of 61 degree and 75.31 degree east of Greenwich.

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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN

Total Area

796096 sq km broad East to West.1600 kms north to south and about 885 kms broad east to west.

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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN

BoundariesMarch with Iran, Afghanistan and India bounded to west by Iran.To the North by Afghanistan to the North East by China. To the East and South East by India and to the South by Arabian Sea Pakistan is separated from Tajikistan by a narrow strip of Afghan territory called “WAKHAN”

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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN shares border 2252 km long common border (Durand Line) with Afghanistan, 585 kms long border with China, 805 kms long border with Iran. 2900 kms with India and 700 kms long coast with the Arabian Sea.

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FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

Definition“The external policy of an independent, sovereign state which it pursues in its relations with other nations of the world in order to seek its national interest.”“The external policy of the state which it pursues to preserve its ideological character, safeguard its territorial integrity, maintain its political sovereignty and guarantee its economic well being”

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OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

National Security. Territorial Integrity. Economic well being. National prestige.

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DETERMINENTS OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

Geo-Political Settings. Historical Legacies and Past Traditions. Socio-Economic Condition. Political Systems and Structure. Ideological Considerations. Decision Makers Dream, Images and

Motives. External Environment. Power Considerations. National Interest.

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Importance of the neighboring countries.

• Indian population is more than 1.2 billion.• India as an emerging power in the region.• Pakistan-India clashes.• China’s population is more than 1.5 billion.• China is emerging economical super power in the world.• China’s policies with the neighboring countries.• Afghanistan’s position in the world regarding war on

terrorism.• Iran’s importance regarding oil producing gulf countries.• Iran’s foreign policy-U.S.A contained in the region.• Threat of the clash between U.S.A and Iran in the

Persian gulf.

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Relations with neighboring countries• Pakistan’s relations with India.

=> Pakistan’s hard diplomacy and foreign policy towards India.=> Bone of contention between Pakistan and India.=> Regional domination of India.=> Role of SAARC.

• Pakistan’s relations with China.=> Friendship based on individuals interest.=> Friendship between developed and

developing countries.=> Importance of Gawader Port for the china.

• Pakistan's relations with Iran.=> Iran’s importance regarding oil producing countries.=> Iran’s interests in Pakistan.=> Regional Importance of Iran for Pakistan.=> Gas pipeline agreement between Pakistan and Iran.=> Role of U.S.A in the region particularly regarding Iran’s foreign policy

• Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan.=> Participation of Pakistan in proxy war at Afghanistan against Russia.=> Border security Issue.=> Indian’s involvement in Pakistan through western Border.=> Talibinization.=> Role of U.S.A in the friendship of Pakistan and Afghanistan.=> U turn in the Pakistan’s Foreign Policy regarding Afghanistan.

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Importance of Persian Gulf

• Location of Persian Gulf.• Gulf Countries issue and role of U.S.A.• Presence of U.S.A’s navy. • Role of Iran’s policies to contain the U.S.A’s

policies.• Importance of Gawader Port.Gawader Port.• China’s interest in the Persian Gulf.• U.S.A’s domination threatening by the china’s

presence.

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Pakistan’s importance regarding Trade for the Land Lock countries.

• Pakistan’s relations with central Asian countries.

• Importance of Pakistan for the Afghan trade.

• China’s interest of trade through Pakistan.• Trade’s impacts on Pakistan’s economy.• Role of foreign agencies in the Pakistan to

hurt the china’s interest in Pakistan.

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ELEMENTS AFFECTING FOREIGN POLICY

Technology leaves impact on foreign policy.

The national capacity of a state also exercises profound influence on the foreign policy of state.

The social structure of a society also exercise profound influence on its foreign policy.

Public opinion is another important element of country’s foreign policy.

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ELEMENTS AFFECTING FOREIGN POLICY

The political organization found in a country also greatly influences the foreign policy. For example under authoritarian systems quick foreign policy decisions are taken.

The press also plays a vital role in foreign policy formulation process.

The leadership also plays a vital role in the shaping of a country’s foreign policy.

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ELEMENTS AFFECTING FOREIGN POLICY

While making foreign policy the state has to take note of the international law, treaties and contracts.

While formulating its foreign policy a country has to take note of the reaction of other states to its various actions.

Alliances concluded by various states also greatly influence the foreign

policy. The world public opinion also influences

the state’s foreign policy.26

Super Power’s Interest.

• Importance of Pakistan since cold war era.• Importance of Pakistan in the proxy war

against communism in Afghanistan.• U. S. A’s support for intervene in the war

for Pakistan.• Success of the U.S.A and U turn of the

U.S.A in Russia-Afghan war.• China’s interest in the region.• Role of India in the region.

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PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

Phase-I 1947-53 (The Era of Neutrality)Phase-II 1954-62 (The Era of Alignment)

(1) Pak-US Mutual DefenseAssistance Agreement.

(2) South-East Asian Treaty Organization ( SEATO)

(3) Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

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PHASES OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY

Phase-III 1963-77 (The Era of Bilateralism)Phase-IV 1978-89 (The Era of Non

Alignment)Phase-V 1999 Onwards (Quest for

Multilateral Foreign Policy)

Restructuring of Foreign Policy.30

Pakistan’s Relation with Super Powers.

• Pak-U.S.A relations.=> Pakistan’s entry into capitalist

block.=> Ups and downs in the Pak-U.S

relations during 50s-60s.=> Pakistan supported by U.S.A in the

Russian-Afghan war.• Pak- U.S.S.R relations.

=> Pak-U.S.S.R relations during 60s-70s.=> Gift of the Steel Mill for Pakistan.=> Bhutto’s policies of socialism.

Regional Importance

• Role of Pakistan in SAARC.• Indian’s hegemony in the region and

counter policies of Pakistan.• Pakistan’s relations with other SAARC

countries.• Role of other super powers in the region.• Interest of other super powers in the

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Pakistan as a Front Line State

• War on terrorism.• Origin of the terrorism.• Location of Pakistan regarding war issues.• Pakistan’s U turn.• Role of Pakistan in war on terrorism.• Suffering of Pakistan in that war.• Role of Pakistan’s agencies in this war.

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Z.A Bhutto F. Policy• As Foreign Minister, Zulfiqa Ali Bhutto significantly

transformed Pakistan's hitherto pro-Western foreign policy. While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization,

• Bhutto began asserting a foreign policy course for Pakistan that was independent from US influence.

• Z. A. Bhutto criticized the US for providing military aid to India during and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was seen as an abrogation of Pakistan's alliance with the U.S. Bhutto worked to establish stronger relations with the People's Republic of China.

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• Bhutto visited Beijing and helped Ayub negotiate trade and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which agreed to help Pakistan in a large number of military and industrial projects.

• Bhutto also signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement on March 2, 1963 that transferred 750 square kilometers of territory from Pakistan-administered Kashmir to Chinese control.

• Bhutto asserted his belief in non-alignment, making Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organizations.

• Believing in pan-Islamic unity, Bhutto developed closer relations with nations such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states. 36

• Bhutto joined Ayub in Tashkent to negotiate a peace treaty with the Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries.

• Bhutto criticized the agreement saying that there was nothing about Kashmir issue in the agreement, which was the main cause of the war. He resigned in June, 1966 and expressed strong opposition to Ayub's regime.

• After fall of Dakka on December 20, 1971, he was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as President and the other as Chief Martial Law Administrator.

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• Thus he was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan. Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated a formal peace agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war.

• The two leaders signed the Shimla Agreement on July 2, 1972, which committed both nations to establish a new yet temporally Cease-fire Line in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks. In 1972, he withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations and SEATO. Zulifikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's nuclear programme.

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• On January 20 of 1972, Prime Minister Bhutto rallied a conference of nuclear scientists and nuclear engineers at Multan, where 283 scientists attended, Prime Minister Bhutto said:" Look, we're going to have the bomb.

• He asked them "Can you give it to me? And how long will it take it to make a bomb? He promised to have nuclear bomb even if nation has to eat grass. He gave to the state 1973 Constitution.

• Another magnificent venture of Bhutto was to host Second Islamic Summit at Lahore in February 1974, which was attended by hundreds of Muslim leaders.

• Bhutto has drawn clear guidelines for the foreign policy of Pakistan that can serve as principle for the government.

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Conclusion

• Drawbacks and benefits of the geo strategic and importance of Pakistan.

• Future of Pakistan.• Political and Military strategic plan of Pakistan.• Economy of Pakistan.

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• Integrity of state• Security of borders• Development of state• Protecting the honor of state• Safeguarding the national interest• Independent Kashmir • To acquire peaceful methods while dealing with

international conflicts • Balance relationship with powerful states• To promote relationship with Muslim countries • To promote international peace

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