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College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Formatting and Baseband Transmission

1

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Definitions

Formatting : Transformation from source information to digital symbols.

Source Coding :Additional data redundancy reduction (or data compression)Efficient description of source information

Baseband (or Lowpass) Signal :A signal whose spectrum extends from 0 to MHz

Digital Symbol : Formatted information

Baseband Modulation : Assign a pulse waveform to represent a symbol.The waveform will be transmitted over a cable.Not appropriate for propagation though most media.

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College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Baseband Systems

AnalogInformation

TextualInformation

DigitalInformation

InformationSource

PulseWaveform

DigitalInformation

TextualInformation

AnalogInformation

Sampler Quantizer Coder

WaveformEncoder

(Modulator)XMT

Channel

RCVWaveformEncoder

(Demodulator)

LPF Decoder

BinaryDigits

InformationSink

Format

Format

3

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Messages, Characters, and Symbols

Message:   THINK(text)

Character coding:(6‐bit ASCII)

8‐ary digitals:(symbols) 

8‐ary waveforms:

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 2 0 4 4 4 3 4 6 4

T H I N K

( )ts1 ( )ts2 ( )ts0 ( )ts4 ( )ts4 ( )ts4 ( )ts3 ( )ts4 ( )ts6 ( )ts4

4

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Formatting Analog InformationAnalog  Sampling  Quantizing  Encoding  Bit Stream

Ideal Sampling Theorem

:  Highest frequency of the message:  Sampling frequency

Nyquist Rate : 

If 

Then

where

is periodic with period     .

Aliasing takes place if               .

ms ff 2≥

mf

ms ff 2=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )fXtxfXtx s

FT

s

FT↔↔ ,

( ) ( )∑∞

−∞=−=

ks

ss nffX

TfX 1

ss f

T 1=

( )fX s sf

ms ff 2<

sf

5

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Ideal Sampling

6

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Source of Corruption

Sampling EffectNatural sampling by switching waveformZero‐order sampling

Quantizing EffectRound‐off or truncation errorQuantizer saturation error (can be avoided by an AGC)

Timing Jitter

Channel NoiseThermal noiseInterferences from other usersAWGNFading

Intersymbol interference (ISI)

7

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Natural Sampling by Switching Waveform

8

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Zero‐order Sampling (Sample‐and‐hold)

Natural Sampling

Zero‐order Sampling

9

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Uniform vs. Non‐uniform Quantization

10

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Non‐uniform PCM: μ‐law vs. A‐law

μ‐law A‐law

11

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Baseband Transmission (1/4)

Waveform Representation

PCM Sequence

Pulse Representation of PCM

Pulse Waveform

12

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Baseband Transmission (2/4)

PCM WaveformsNon‐return‐to‐zero (NRZ)

NRZ‐L (level)NRZ‐M (mark, change at “1”)NRZ‐S (space, change at “0”)

Return‐to‐zero (RZ)Unipolar RZBipolar RZRZ‐AMI (alternate mark inversion)

Phase encodedBi‐phase‐L (Manchester)Bi‐phase‐MBi‐phase‐SDelay Modulation

Multilevel binaryDicode NRZDicode RZ

Telephone

Optical

13

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Baseband Transmission (3/4)Characteristics of PCM Waveforms

DC componentSelf‐clocking

Inherent synchronizationError detection

Detection of isolated errorsBandwidth compression

Bandwidth efficiency (e.g., multilevel codes)Differential encoding

Detection of polarity inversion of waveforms during transmissionNoise immunity

The NRZ has better error performance than the unipolar RZ.

NoteBit rate : the rate measured at which data are transmitted

Modulation rate : the rate at which signal level is changed

For M‐ary format, 

bb T

R 1=

TR 1=

MTT b 2log=

(bps)

(sps :symbol per sec) or (bauds)

14

College of Information & Communications

The world goes wireless! Prepared by Sung Ho Cho

Hanyang University

Baseband Transmission (4/4)

Spectral Densities of PCM Waveforms

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