formulating human settlements_informalization of formal housing (ktt vietnam)
Post on 06-Apr-2018
220 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/formulating-human-settlementsinformalization-of-formal-housing-ktt-vietnam 1/4
KHU TAP THE (KTT) HOUSING – HANOI, VIETN
65
KHU TAP THE (KTT) HOUSING
Vietnam
Since 1954 (and pursued more vigorously
there has been a massive state-sponsored
gram in Vietnam. Throughout the countr
of five-story walk-up, medium-sized apar
plexes, modeled on the Soviet “microrayokhu tap the (KTT), were built to house th
state factory workers and civil servants. T
ments were allocated according to a soci
gift to an exemplary worker or an active
Housing projects, along with other publi
were often gifts to Vietnam–icons demon
brotherly links between Vietnam and Sov
tries. The ‘Socialist City’ was an instrume
engineering based on the belief that a new
ronment would itself create a new society
they have become appropriated and adop
inhabitants and become more congruent
needs and everyday practices.
InSouth-eastAsia,the provisionof
ent.The Khu Tap The housingin Vithroughout the region– a rigid urb
space that was then appropriated b
a paradigmatic urban upgrading p
from different angles, both appr
experience and its interplay wit
nerstonesof theparadigmof hu
Informalization
Formalization o
opmaakUFO2v11:Layout 1 1/27/10 2:00 PM Page 64
8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/formulating-human-settlementsinformalization-of-formal-housing-ktt-vietnam 2/4
KTT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HANOI
67
KTT Transformations in Hanoi
Emmanuel Cerise, Kelly Shannon
During Vietnam’s pursuit of socialism, urban areas
developed on the path towards the creation of the ‘City
of Socialist Man.’ Pivotal to the era, which in the northhad already begun in 1954 and, upon reunification of
the country in 1975, was pursued with vigor in the
whole of Vietnam, was the notion that the ‘Socialist
City’ would itself create a new society. Large-scale,
collective housing projects, along with other public
buildings were often gifts to Vietnam–icons demon-
strating brotherly links between Vietnam and Soviet
bloc countries. Architecture became subservient to
Party policy. The housing projects were known as khu
tap the (KTT), consisting of a series of two- to three-
and later five-story homogeneous, single-loaded corri-
dor blocks with ‘existence minimum’ housing typolo-
gies and– in some instances–with collective kitchens
or other shared facilities (particularly toilets). The
housing estates were designed as attractive living
areas following a rational plan of clear infrastructure,
no-nonsense architecture, with various public facili-
ties, playing yards, green and open public spaces.
They were conceived as autonomous ‘microrayons’(micro-regions) of live/work units, with state factories
built on the premises. This not only reinforced the
notion of collectivity, but also allowed for less state
development in urban infrastructure and transport
routes (which was not an insignificant determinant for
the cash-strapped government).
The USSR and several eastern European nations
not only financed a number of KTTs, but also provided
technical expertise and design in the rebuilding of
urban areas destroyed in the Second Indochine War
FORMULATING HUMAN SETTLEMENTSUFO #2
66
C
C
S S
K
K
K
K
S
200 m
500 m
multi-storey housing block
church
school
kindergarten
shops
parks, open spaces
K
S
C
neighborhood centre
From neighborhood unit to “Socialist City” complexes —— The Vietnamese microrayon shares a common pedigree with post-
World War II public housing estates in the West, which were in fact a variation of Perry’ 1920s neighborhood unit complex. KTTs in Hanoi —— The new microrayons were
e
Khu tap the – Socialist home units
Khu tap the – Isolated building
opmaakUFO2v11:Layout 1 1/27/10 2:00 PM Page 66
8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/formulating-human-settlementsinformalization-of-formal-housing-ktt-vietnam 3/4
KTT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HANOI
69
(the American-Vietnamese War). In Hanoi, the KTTs
were primarily built on the city’s peripheral ring road
with estates built in the south, east and west of the city
center. Mass-production techniques were applied to
building materials and brick and concrete replaced
wood-framed constructions. Unsurprisingly, the trans-
plantation of concrete construction (already handi-
capped by low-quality materials and poor technical
detailing) did not easily work in the extreme heat andhumidity of Vietnam’s monsoon climate, not to men-
tion the fact that Vietnamese live with their extended
family. Despite intensive construction efforts of the
Vietnamese state, the supply of housing was always
much less than the demand and there was a chronic
housing shortage which forced families to share tiny
flats. In the 1960s, there was a recorded 3,5 square
meters per person, which grew to only 6 square
meters in the 1980s. Estates were built and owned by
the state and inhabitants paid token rents, which was
not enough to even cover spiraling maintenance costs.
By 1986, all began to change in Vietnam, as it fol-
lowed a more global shift of socialist reform. The Viet-
namese state began a process of entering the market-
economy and the loosening of collective controls and,
consequently, its numerous run-down and vast hous-
ing estates posed a major challenge. The state could
neither continue its housing construction program,
nor manage the existing KTTs. In many cases, estates
were sold to inhabitants through cooperatives. In
other cases they were (partly) demolished to make way for new construction. The buildings that were
maintained have seen a wave of transformation– with
inhabitants enlarging units, extending balconies and
terraces (often also used as vegetable gardens), con-
verting ground floor units into vibrant commercial
spaces, occupying the once vast open spaces with new
structures (with new programs, including new hous-
ing). Historically and today, Hanoi’s KTTs simultane-
ously exemplify the problems of foreign housing
models and norms imposed without modification to
fit local circumstances, and testify to the power of
local customs and lifestyles in appropriating such
foreign impositions.
FORMULATING HUMAN SETTLEMENTSUFO #2
68
N
0 50m
Rationalization and “modernization” of housing —— The
massive urgancy for new housing was expedited by pre-fabrication
and rationalization of construction. The existenzminimum units
complied with the socialist ideology.
Typical KTT layout [T
sufficient entity and ther
collective services. In so
From minimum housing to maximum extension —— In the thickening process of th
KTT envelope, spatial appropriations and building extensions range from hanging gardens to
kitchens under which balconies, closed loggias and terraces are added. Recycled materials suc
as brick, metallic sheeting and wooden plate are commonly used for their construction.
opmaakUFO2v11:Layout 1 1/27/10 2:00 PM Page 68
/ /
8/3/2019 Formulating Human Settlements_Informalization of Formal Housing (KTT Vietnam)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/formulating-human-settlementsinformalization-of-formal-housing-ktt-vietnam 4/4
KTT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HANOI
71
FORMULATING HUMAN SETTLEMENTSUFO #2
70
0 5m
0 1m
Local appropriation —— Hanoi’s KTTs thrive as contemporary housing areas and function
More than double —— Typical cases of residents’ appropriation
of surrounding open space occurred by means of piecemeal exten-
sions. In the case of apartment building D4 [Trung Tu] the first floor
unit has more than doubled its size, increasing from 41 m² to 98 m².
“prothesis”
balcony, closed loggia and terrace
built under extension
opmaakUFO2v11:Layout 1 1/27/10 2:01 PM Page 70
top related