fred ssewamala, phd, columbia university
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The Impact of Children’s Development Accounts on Health and Educational
Outcomes of Orphaned Children in Ugandaof Orphaned Children in Uganda
Fred Ssewamala, PhD, Columbia University
Senior Research Fellow, New America Foundation
Orphaned Children
Sub-Saharan Africa 12.3
Asia 7.3
Latin America (including6.2
the Caribbean)
Region (%)
Source: UNAIDS, et al. (2004).
Study Objective
• This study explores a new intervention in caring for the orphaned children: the family asset-based intervention.
• The family asset-based intervention combines usual reactive care with an economic empowerment component through the use of children development accounts (CDAs).
• Specifically, the study tests the proposition that assets (in this case, savings accounts representing educational opportunity) have psychological and socio-economic benefits for individuals and families.
Child Development Account (CDA) constitutes a tangible asset that can provide poor orphaned children with a means to expand their life options if they are provided with the training and skills to use it effectively on their own behalf.
CDA: Illustration
Providing scholastic materialsPilot SEED Project:
• Random selection of schools
• Rakai District• 7 schools• 97 children• E & C groups
SUUBI/NIMH funded project:
• 14 Schools• 289 children
SAMPLE
Table 1 Sample characteristics (N=97)
Girls 70%
Mean child age 13.8 years (SD=1.1)
Average # people in household 6.4 (SD=2.4)
Average # children in household 3.3 (SD=1.9)
Report father not living 72%
Report mother not living 46%
Report relative with HIV/AIDS 17%
Report knowing a person in community/village with HIV/AIDS
51%
Female raised child (N=97)
Education level of female raised child
Primary Sch or
less (US 8th
grade)
49%
Some Lower
Secondary
School (US
High Sch)
19%
Beyond Lower
Secondary
23%
Never attended
school
9%
Other
12%Aunt
13%
Grandmother
23%
Biological
Mother
52%
Male raised child (N=97)
Education level of male raised childNever
attended
school
4%
Beyond Lower
Secondary Sch
28%
Some Lower
Secondary Sch
or less (US
High Sch)
39%
Primary Sch or
less (US 8th
grade)
29%
Other
8%
Grand Father
13%
Uncle
18%
Biological
Father
23%
No male
present
38%
Savings
Average Monthly Net Deposit (AMND) =
Net Deposit per month of participation for a Participant
Mean (without match)= $8.42/mo
Mean (with a match: participants own savings in the CDA plus match from intervention)=
$25.26/mo
ionparticipat of months of #
sWithdrawal le Unmatchab-Interest Deposit nCalculatio
Savings: Participants in the CDA (E) group do save.
First 6 months, participants saved a total of 4,168,000 (four million one hundred and sixty eight thousand) UGSHS. Translates into 83,400 UG SHS. In average savings/participant in a 6-month period.
Translated in USD: US$50.52 saved per participant in a 6-month period or US$8.42 per family in average monthly net deposits.
With a match rate of 2:1, the average participant in the CDA group (E) accumulated an average of $25.26 per month.
RESULTS
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Pretest Follow-up
% r
epo
rtin
g h
avin
g a
n
edu
cati
on
al p
lan
Experimental Control
Child having an educational plan: a statistically significant difference between E (shift 88% to 96%) x C (shift 93% to 83%).
Group= F (1, 81)= 5.6, p<.05Wilks’ Lambada= F = 3.3, p<.05
Child having an educational plan by gender: a trend in having an educational plan among boys
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Pretest Follow-up
% r
ep
ort
ing
havin
g a
n
ed
ucati
on
al
pla
n
Experimental (male) Experimental (female)
Control (male) Control (female)
Group*Gender= NS
Level of child-caregiver communication: A statistically significant difference between E (shift
M=2.2 to M=2.5) x C (shift M=2.4 to M=2.2).
1.5
2
2.5
3
Pretest Follow-up
Co
mm
un
icati
on
wit
h c
are
giv
er
(ran
ge:
0-3
)
Experimental Control
Wilks’ Lambada= F = 3.0, p<.05 Group= F (1, 69)= 3.6, p<.05
Level of child-caregiver communication by gender: a trend toward increased communication evident among boys
1.5
2
2.5
3
Pretest Follow-up
Co
mm
un
icati
on
wit
h
care
giv
er
(ran
ge:
0-3
)
Experimental (male) Experimental (female)
Control (male) Control (female)
Group*Gender= NS
Child HIV/AIDS prevention attitudes: a statistically significant difference between E (shift M=17.3 to M=18.5 ) x C (shift M=18.4 to M=17.6).
16
17
18
19
20
Pretest Follow-up
Mean
sco
re o
n p
reven
tio
n
att
itu
de s
cale
(ra
ng
e:
6-2
4)
Experimental Control
Group= F (1, 82)= 5.1, p<.05Wilks’ Lambada= F = 4.6, p<.01
Child HIV/AIDS prevention attitudes by gender: a trend in having a more dramatic positive change in E boys.
16
17
18
19
20
Pretest Follow-up
Mean
sco
re o
n p
reven
tio
n
att
itu
de s
cale
(ra
ng
e:
6-2
4)
Experimental (male) Experimental (female)
Control (male) Control (female)
Group*Gender= NS
Educational Plan
“ I keep telling them [the relatives] that I don’t want to get married after P7. I don’t… I don’t… I told Mubiiru the same thing… I want to continue on to Senior and be a nurse….”
(15 year-old participant).
Selected quotes from in-depth Interviews
Child-Caregiver Communication
“ For the first time…my jaaja (grandma) seems at peace…. She knows if I work hard I will … (silence)…will go to senior one…. I know I can… I will use the money in our bank [the CDA]”
(a 14 year-old participant in the CDA group)
Selected quotes from in-depth Interviews
Policy Implications & the Way Forward
• CDAs are in line with the Ugandan government policy of “Bonabaggawala”/Wealth for all. Problem, politically motivated.
• CDAs may facilitate the universal primary education being piloted: Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania.
• Financial institutions have been very receptive to the idea of introducing OVC and other children to using banks at an early age. For example, the “Younger Savers’ Accounts” program of DFCU bank, and the CSA of Centenary Rural Development Bank.
Policy Implications & the Way Forward
• The Principal Investigator is in the process of working with Parliamentarians and other Policy makers to put the CDAs on the Ugandan government agenda, especially in regards to funding USE. This is very feasible. A Columbia University Policy Student is doing her internship in Uganda, specifically to do this.
• We needed to start somewhere. If it works in Uganda, other countries will follow. UPE was the same way.
• We need to interest Donor institutions/multinationals: World Bank, IMF, USAID, UNDP, etc, to move this to the next level.
Acknowledgements
Financial Support for SEED Pilot Study1. Social Intervention Group, Columbia University:
2. Center for Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis: (Michael Sherraden, PhD).
3. The Friedman Family Foundation
Financial Support for SUUBI Project:National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH-1 R21 MH076475-01)
Other support:New America Foundation—Fellowship
-Mary Mckay PhD, Jane Waldfogel PhD, Elwin Wu PhD, William Bannon PhD, Stacey Alicea MPH, Leyla Ismayilova MSW,
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