fruit polyphenols
Post on 15-Jan-2017
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Aim
• The aim of the present review was to critically review and
evaluate the human literature for determining anti-
inflammatory effects of commonly consumed fruits and fruit
products (e.g., juice, wine), including apples, berries, grapes, red
wine, and oranges/orange juice.
Polyphenols
• Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants characterized
by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units
• The number and characteristics of these phenol structures
underlie the unique physical, chemical, and biological
(metabolic, toxic, therapeutic, etc.) properties
• Pre-clinical data suggest that certain polyphenols have anti-
inflammatory properties
Polyphenols in Fruits
• Flavonoids are a major subclass of polyphenols and the most
commonly consumed fruit flavonoids in the diet are
anthocyanins, hesperetin, and quercetin
• The main fruit contributors to polyphenol intake were
strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, grapes, oranges and
orange juice, apples, and bananas
• Red wine is a rich source of polyphenols and contains phenolic
acids/derivatives, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavonols, and
dihydroflavonols
Beneficial biological activity of polyphenols
• Antioxidant properties to prevent damage to cellular
biomolecules
• Inhibiting absorption of already oxidized products, such as lipid
hydroxyperoxides
• Potential prebiotic effect of polyphenols
• Increase the production of anti-inflammatory molecules
– IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and adiponectin
• Action in cellular signaling in modifying pathways of
inflammation
Action in cellular signaling
• These actions include blocking or down regulating receptors or
transcription factors leading to pro-inflammatory gene
expression
– Eg:
• Interleukin (IL) receptors
• Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-4
• nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ҡB)
• activator protein (AP-1)
• c-Jun-Nterminal kinases (JNK)
Inflammation
• Inflammation is the normal protective response of the innate
immune system to tissue injury or detrimental external stimuli
such as pathogens, allergens, and other irritants
• In an inflammatory event, a cascade of biochemical events
propagates involving the local vascular system, the immune
system, and various cells within the injured tissue
• A main function of inflammation is to resolve infection and to
repair the damaged tissue
• However, obesity, energy dense- and nutrient poor-diets have been
shown to stimulate inflammation
Inflammatory responses
• Inflammatory responses are often characterized by the
production of pro-inflammatory molecules and cytokines that
provide signals between immune cells to coordinate with the
inflammatory response
– NF-kB, a major transcription factor that stimulates the encoding of a number of
genes responsible for production of molecules and cytokines which are involved
in inflammatory process
Inflammatory biomarkers
• Circulating concentrations of inflammatory molecules are used
in research as well as in clinical practice to evaluate
inflammation
• Inflammation can also be assessed by studying gene
expression of transcription factors, receptors, and protein
kinases in immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages
• levels of these markers help to identify mechanisms and
pathways that either stimulated or inhibited resulting in a
particular inflammatory outcome
Common inflammatory biomarkers
• Acute phase proteins
– ex: hs-CRP, Fibrinogen, Serum amyloid A
• Cytokines
– Ex: IL-6, IL-1b, TNF-a, MCP-1
• Adipokines
– Adiponectin, Leptin
• Adhesion molecules
– sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin
• Other
– NF-kB activation, Leukocyte count, Lp-PLA2
Inflammatory biomarkers and diseases Biomarker Associated Condition
hs-CRP CVD, DM
Fibrinogen Arterial thrombosis
Serum amyloid A Obesity, CVD risk
MCP-1 DM, CVD
Adiponectin Obese
sVCAM-1 Obesity, atherogenesis
sICAM-1 Atherogenesis, DM, obesity, hemodialysis
sE-selectin DM, obesity
PAI-1 MetS, asthma
Lp-PLA2 Obese with NAFLD
MMP-9 With HFHC intake
SOCS-3 With HFHC intake
TLR-2, -4 With HFHC intake
Postprandial inflammation
• Postprandial state is the slight variations that occur in
metabolic activities after consumption of meals
• Induced inflammatory conditions that associated with
consumption of energy dense- and nutrient poor-diets is called
postprandial inflammation
• Studies have shown that consumption of fruits rich in
polyphenolic bioactives with diet is effective to reduce
postprandial inflammation
Biomarker assays of postprandial state with
consumption of fruits Fruit Biomarkers
Biomarker Change in postprandial
period Strawberry IL-6 Decresed
hs-CRP Decresed
PAI-1 Decresed
IL-1b Decresed
Blueberry IL-10 Increased
Orange SOCS-3 Decresed
TLR-4 Decresed
TNF-a Decresed
IL-1b Decresed
NFkB binding Decresed
TLR-2 Decresed
TLR-4 Decresed
SOCS-3 Decresed
MMP-9 Decresed
Red wine NF-kB activation Decresed
t PAI-1 Increased
IL-6 Increased
White wine IL-6 Increased
Pomegranate sICAM-1 Decresed
sE-selectin Decresed
IL-6 Decresed
Fruit juice drink IL-17 Decresed
Effect of fruits in postprandial state
Fruit Effect in postprandial state
Strawberry Decrease in inflammatory and thrombolytic molecules
Blueberries Not effective in postprandial state
Oranges Minimization of inflammatory responses effective for certain meal compositions
Red wine Moderate wine intake is associated with beneficial effects
Grapes No short-term effect on circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers
Pomegranate Results only low-grade inflammation
Inflammation and chronic effects of fruit
polyphenols
• Inflammation is considered as a major contributor to chronic
disease pathologies
• Several studies have been carried out to investigate the effect
of fruit polyphenols towards inflammatory biomarker changes
that ultimately beneficial towards some chronic diseases
Chronic studies of fruit polyphenols
supplementation in humans Fruit Biomarker/s Biomarker change
Strawberry sVCAM-1 Decreased
Blueberry NK cells Increased
Cranberry sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, MMP-9 Decreased
Red wine
VLA-4e, monocyte adhesion, hs-CRP, fibrinogen, sVCAM-1, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, hs-CRP, IL-
6, sICAM-1, NF-kB activatione, MCP-1, sICAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1,
sVCAM-1
sVCAM-1, sE-selectin,
CD40L, monocyte adhesion
sICAM-1, IL-1a, VLA-4e,
LFA-1e, Mac-1e, MCP-1e
Decreased
Grape TNF-a, MCP-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, sICAM-1, Decreased
Raisin TNF-a, sICAM-1 Decreased
Red orange hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-a Decreased
Apple
Plum CRP Decreased
Acai berry
Bilberry IL-6, hs-CRP, IL-15, MIG, TNF-a, sVCAM-1, adiponectin Increased
TNF-a Decreased
Sea buckthorn berry hs-CRP, TNF-a, Decreased
Pomegranate sICAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, TNF-a, fibrinogen Decreased
Effect of fruits in chronic diseases Fruit Action
Strawberry Alleviate inflammatory risk associated with CVD and diabetes
Blueberries Benificial in CVD associated inflamotory risk Cranberries
Anti inflammatory activity
Modulate CVD risk factors
Wine Anti inflammatory activity associated with type 2 diabetes and CVD
Grape Anti-inflammatory effects
Orange juice Effective for CVD associated inflamation
Apples limited anti-inflammatory effect (but effective with dried plum
supplementation)
Acai berry, bilberry, and sea buckthorn
berry Protective against CVD risk factors
Pomegranate fruit Effective for diabetes and CVD
Conclusion
• Fruit polyphenols has a significant effect on inflammatory
stress (both in postprandial inflammation and chronic disease
related inflammation)
• Consumption of fruits are more beneficial towards risk factors
associated with CVD, CHD, diabetes mellitus and metabolic
syndrome
• Further studies have to be conducted for acai berry, bilberry,
and sea buckthorn berry
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