fuelcells 1.pdf
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Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy
System
Week1
2
Humanity's Top Ten Problems for the Next 50Years
1. ENERGY2. WATER
3. FOOD4. ENVRONMENTAL
POLLUTION5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM&WAR7. DISEASE8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION
2003 6.3 billion humanbeing2050 10 billion humanbeing
Source
3
Energy profile in the world today
Natural gas
Nuclear
HidroelectricityRenewable
Petroleum
Coal
Source
4
5Ballard, February 2003
CO2 emissions for different applications
6
The world s energy demand
Today
Future
6.3 billion
10 billion 15 barrels/population
11 barrels/population
69.3 barrelsof oilequivalent
/year
150 barrelsof oilequivalent/year
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Energy types
Mechanical energy Flowingrivers, wind
Electrical energy
Electromagnetic field, batteries Chemical energy
Released as a result of chemical reaction (Heat,electrochemical/batteries)
Thermal energy Heat (Released as a result of chemical reaction,
nuclear reactions, geothermal sources, etc.)
Usages of different energy sources
Mechanical energy
To operate the devices (heat pumps, machines etc.)
To move the devices
To produce electricity Chemical energy
To produce new chemicals
For heat production
To produce electricity (batteries, fuel cells)
Application areas of different energy sources
Thermalenergy
Heating
For material proceses
Hot water
Electricity production
Electrical energy
The most flexible form of energy
Can be converted to other energies easily
Ease of use and obtain
The most useful is electric energy. Can beconverted to all other energies.
The most commonly available energy isthermal energy. Can be produced by thecombustion of fuels in everwhere.
Chemical energy is the easiest stored energy.Can be converted to electrical and thermalenergies easily.
Energy conversions
Mechanical-mechanical
Water and wind mills
Mechanical-electrical
Generators (motors)
Chemical-electrical
Batteries, fuel cells
Thermal-mechanical
Heat engines, refrigerators
Energy conversions
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Basic energy sources
Fossil fuels
LIMITED
NOT ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
SOLUTION
15
Non-renewable energy sources
Petroleum
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
Renewable energy sources
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Wave
Biomass
16
Nuclear energy?
17
Advantages:
The amount of fuel needed in nuclear power plants is very lowcompared to other systems
Disadvantages:
Radiation from nuclear explosions affects the human healthNuclear waste generationMuch investment is required for security
Nuclear energy?
18
Hydroelectricity?
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Advantages:
RenewableCleanConstant power generation can be achieved
Disadvantages:
Dams may adversely affect the surrounding areaDam can destroy the near areaTurbines can kill the fishes
Hydroelectricity?
20
Solar energy kWh/m2 year Wo rld : a nn ual
incidentsun:
15.000x
Annual requirementof mankind
Solar energy?
21
Solar energy?
Advantages:
Free energy sourceQuiet operationFree of environmental pollutionFast and easy establishmentOperate independentlyLife of system 30-40 yearsMaintanence cost is very low
Disadvantages:
High solar panel costHigh initial investment costNot operating at nights
High area requirements for efficiency22
Wind energy?
23
Advantages:
Free energy sourceTo meet the energy requirements of the areas where thenetwork fails
Disadvantages:
CostElectricity production based on the intensity of the windOperate loudlyFine structures can be damaged due to storm
Wind energy?
24
Wave energy?
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Wave energy?
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Advantages:
Free energy sourceNo wasteMaintanence and operation is not expensive
Disadvantages:
Dependence to the wavesWave intense area requirementsMay adversely affect marine lifeMay withstand very adverse weather conditions
Wave energy?
27
Geothermal?
28
Advantages:
No wasteNo fuel requirementSoil is affected in minimum because the cooling water is givenback to the soil
Disadvantages:
The difficulty of finding appropriate areaNot movable easilyHarmfulgases and minerals along with steamOnly drilling to the appropriate rock structures
Geothermal?
29
Biomass?
30
Advantages:
Agricultural waste can be used for productionIndustrial, agricultural etc wastes canbe reducedEmpty agricultural areas can be used to grow the energy crops
Disadvantages:
The area used to grow energy crops can be necessary forother aims
ExpensiveAnimal waste based biomass is limitedHarmful emission released if combusted wronglyCause to air pollution
Biomass?
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HYDROGEN?
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Hydrogen???
ENERGY
1 kg Hydrogen = 2.1 kg Natural gas= 2.8 kg Petroleum
Mostabundantelement in the
nature
Not availablefree
Environmentalfriendlyand
renewable
Biomass
WaterWindSunGeothermal
Nuclear
Petroleum
Coal
Natural gas
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM
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FUEL CELLS?
35 36
Fuel cell: Multidisciplinary!
FUEL CELL
Electrical-electronics
engineering
Material
science
Chemical engineeringMechanical
engineering
Control engineering
Chemistry
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37
NASA Space studies
1839
1932
1952
Recenthistory
Invention
Developmentstudies
1960 Tractor1980 Train1990 Submarinesand aircraft
TodayLand vehiclesPower plantsElectronicdevices
Fuel Cells - The First 120 Years
In 1800, British scientists William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle haddescribed the process of using electricity to decompose water intohydrogenand oxygen
British judge and scientist, Sir William Robert Grove in his
experiments in 1839 on electrolysis - the use of electricity to splitwater into hydrogen and oxygen - led to the first mention of a devicethat would later be termed the fuel cell
Grove reasoned that it should be possible to reverse the electrolysisprocess and generate electricity from the reaction of oxygen withhydrogen
Groves Test
He enclosed two platinum strips in separate sealed bottles, onecontaining hydrogen and one oxygen.
When these containers were immersed in dilute sulphuric acid acurrent began to flow between the two electrodes and water wasformed in the gas bottles.
In order to increase the voltage produced, Grove linked several ofthese devices in series and produced what he referred to as a gasbattery.
40
Fuel Cells - The Next 40 Years
The recent history of the fuel cell can be thought of as beginning inthe early 1960s.
A new US government agency, the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA), was looking for a way to power a series of
upcoming manned space flights.
NASAhad already ruled out using batteries as they were too heavy
solar energy as it was too expensive
nuclear power as it was too risky
This search led to the development of the first Proton ExchangeMembrane (PEM).
Cont.. An oil embargo in 1973 kick-started renewed interest in fuel cell power for
terrestrial applications as governments looked to reduce their dependence onpetroleum imports.
A number of companies and government organisations began to undertake seriousresearch into overcoming the obstacles to widespread commercialisation of thefuel cell.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a huge research effort was dedicated todeveloping the materials needed, identifying the optimum fuel source anddrastically reducing the cost of this exotic technology.
Finally, in the 1990s, over 150 years after Grove's experiments, the promise ofinexpensive, clean, renewable energy began to look as if it might become reality asthe first viable fuel cells were unveiled.
In the last few years we have seen fuel cells installed in hospitals and schools andmany of the major automotive companies have unveiled prototype fuel cellpowered cars.
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Fuel cell: Key notes. Fuel cells started with Sir William Grove in 1839
The term 'fuel cell' was coined by the chemists Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer in 1889 asthey attemptedto build the firstpractical device usingair and industrialcoal gas
It was not too successfulinitially becausenot enough wasknown about electricity
The first success was by Francis Bacon in 1932 (Alkaline fuel cell system with porouselectrodes)
In 1950s, fuel cells were used in the Apollo space programme
Reason for spaceuse: Nuclear too dangerous,solar too bulky, batteriestoo heavy
Fuel cells used in Apollo, Gemini and spaceshuttles
For fuel cell vehicles, General Motors developed a six-passenger Electrovan in 1967, but on lyfor use on companypropertydue to safetyreasons
44
MK900 MK800 MK700 MK500 MK300
(2000) (1997) (1995) (1993) (1991)
(80 kW) (50 kW) (25 kW) (10 kW) (5 kW)
BALLARD
Advantages:
1) Fuel cells have high efficiency. It is nearly 70% while other sources have efficiency 15-20%(gasoline engine) and 30-35%(diesel engine).
2) The efficiency of the fuel cell does not depend on the size of the power plant.
3) Maintenance cost is very low.
4) Fuel cells are more efficient in producing the mechanical power to drive the vehicles andrequire less energy consumption.
Disadvantages:
1) Initial cost of fuel cell is high.
2) Life time of fuel cell is not known accurately.
3)There is a problem of durability and storage of large amount of hydrogen
Conventional electricity generation
with a fuel
Electricity generation with
Fuel Cell
Chemical Energy
Heat
Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy
Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
(Combustion)
(PV work)
(Electromagnetic
induction)
(Redox
reactions)
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Energy conversion for electrical energy
Fuel cell
Chemical Electricity
Battery
Chemical Electricity
Heat engines
Chemical Heat Mechanical Electricity
Energy conversion for mechanical energy
Fuel cell
Chemical
Battery
Chemical
Heat engines
Chemical Heat Mechanical
E le ctri ci ty M ec hani cal
E le ctri ci ty M ec hani cal
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Heat engines
In a combustion process which is largely
irreversible, chemical bond energy of fuel
converted to the internal energy of the
combustion products and this energy is used
after conversion to the mechanical work in a
heat engine.
Chemical Heat Mechanical Electrical
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Heat engines
Steam is formed withheat and the pressure
rise
Pressurized steammakes work by
running the piston or
shaft
Exhaust steam tookaway the waste heat
Cycle is completed
Heat Engines
50
Heat Engines
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Basic heat engine cycle
Volume
Pressure
B
C
D
A
AB Heat inlet
BC work is done byexpanding the fluid at hightemperature
CD Heat outlet
DA work needed for thecompression of fluid
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Heat engines
What happens when gas(steam) expands doingwork?
PV/RT=constant
Volume increases andtemperature of the steameither increases or staysthe same.
After the stroke doingwork how do we return tothe starting condition?
Psteam
Qin
53
Thermodynamics
Energy is alwaysconserved
Energy is alwaystransferred to down
Heat is transferredfrom high temperatureto low temperature
Cold Hot
54
The max efficiency that can be
reached with a heat engine is
limited with Carnot cycle
efficiency, due to mechanical
and thermal stresses of the
materials, in reality the maxefficiency stands at 40 %.
Cold Hot
Carnot efficiency
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Diesel machine
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Diesel cycle
Isobaric combustion
Fuel is injected to the hot air aftercompression provides highercompression ratios
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
20 40 60 80 100 120Volume (cm3)
Pressure
(bar)
Compression
Heating
Expansion
HeatRejection
Exhaust
Intake
Primary BatteriesLithium cell, Leclanche cell
Secondary BatteriesLead-acid Batteries, Nicad Batteries, Lithium-ion Batteries
BATTERIES
Battery :-
Definition :
A battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy and for thetransformationof chemical energy into electrical energy
Battery consists of group of two or more electric cells connected together electrically inseries.
Battery acts as a portable source of electrical energy.
Energy produced by an electrochemical cell is not suitable for commercial purposes sincethey use salt bridge which produce internal resistance which results in drop in the voltage.The drop in voltage is negligible only for a small interval of time during which it is beingused.
Batteries are of2 types. Namely
Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells
SecondaryBatteries (or) SecondaryCells
I. Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells :-
Primary cells are those cells in which the chemical reaction occurs only once and the cellbecomes dead after sometime and it cannot be used again. These batteries are used assource of dc power.
Eg. Dry cell (Leclanche Cell) and Mercury cell, lithium cell.
Requirements of Primary cell:
It should satisfy these requirements
1) It must be convenient to use.
2) Cost of discharge should be low.
3) Stand-by power is desirable.
B. Leclanche Cell (or) Dry Cell :
Batteries
Dry battery
Zn (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-Anode:
Cathode: 2NH4+ (aq) + 2MnO2 (s) + 2e
- Mn2O3 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)
Zn (s) + 2NH4 (aq) + 2MnO2 (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) + Mn2O3 (s)
Composed of two electrodes madeup of d if fe rent met al scontacted with a conductingelectrolyte. Current flows frompositive electrode to negative
electrode until the chemicalchange stops.
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Advantages:
1) These cells have voltage ranging f rom 1.25v to 1.50v.2) Primary cells are used in the torches,radios,transistors,hearing
aids,pacemakers,watches etc.3) Price is low.
Disadvantages:
These cells does not have a long life, because the acidic NH4Cl corrodes the containereven when the cell is not in use.
II. SecondaryCells (or) Accumulatorbatteries :-
These cells can be recharged by passing an electric current through them and can be used againand again.
Eg: A. Lead storagebattery
B. Nickel-Cadmium battery
C. Lithium-ion cell battery
Secondary cells are widely used in cars,trains,motors,electric clocks, power stations,laboratories, emergency lights, telephoneexchange, digital cameras, laptops etc.
These are reversible cells, they behave as galvanic cell while discharging and as electrolytic cellwhile charging.
Lead storage battery
Batteries
Anode:
Cathode:
Lead storage battery
PbO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + SO4
2- (aq) + 2e- PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
Pb (s) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2e
-
Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 4H+ (aq) + 2SO4
2- (aq) 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
Batteries
Zn(Hg) + 2OH- (aq) ZnO (s) + H2O (l) + 2e-Anode:
Cathode: HgO (s) + H2O (l) + 2e- Hg (l) + 2OH- (aq)
Zn(Hg) + HgO (s) ZnO (s) + Hg (l)
Mercury battery
Distinction between Primary, Secondary & Fuel cells
Primary Secondary Fuel cells
1) It only acts as galvanicor voltaic cell. i.e.,produces electricity
1) It acts as galvanic orvoltaic cell whiledischarging (produceselectricity) and acts aselectrolytic cell (consumeselectricity)
1) It is a simple galvanic orvoltaic cell. i.e., produceselectricity
2) Cell reaction is notreversible.
2) Cell reaction isreversible.
2) Cell reaction isreversible.
3) Cant be recharged. 3) Can be recharged 3) Energy can bewithdrawn continuously
4) Can be used as longas the active materialsare present
4) Can be used again andagain by recharging.
4) Reactants should bereplenished continuously. itdoes not store energy.
eg: Leclanche cell or Drycell, Lithium cell.
eg: Lead storage battery, Ni-Cd battery, Lithium ion cell
eg: H2&O2 Fuel cell
CH3OH &O2 Fuel cell
Uses: In Pace makerswatches, Transistors, radiosect.
Uses: In electronicequipments, automobileequipments, digital cameras,laptops, flash light.
Uses: Great use in spacevehicles due to its light weight(product of is source of freshwater for astronauts )
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Space studies
Militaryapplications
Residentialapplications
Stationarypower systems
Portable power source
Waste/ waste water applications
Transportation applications
Fuel cell applications
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Ford TH!NK FCV
Honda FCX V3 Nissan Xterra FCV
DaimlerChrysler Necar4DaimlerChrysler JeepComm
Mazda Premacy FC-EV
Fuel cell applications
75
Ballard 250kW natural gassuppliedfuel cell
Ha s 9 t ria l c ou rts in n or ther n Ame ri ca ,Europeand Japan
1999 - Crane, India
2000 - Berlin, Germany 2000 Tokio, Japan
Fuel cell applications
76DaimlerChrysler Necar 5
The firstfuelcellcaralong America
From San Francisco
to
Washington D.C.
20 May 4 June
2002
With MeOH fuel
Fuel cell applications
Automotive Industry
Considered to be the first gasoline powered fuel cell vehicle is the H 20 by GM:
GMC S-10(2001)fuelcell battery hybridlow sulfur gasoline fuel25kW PEM40mpg112 km/htopspeed
Fords Adavanced Focus FCV (2002)fuel cell battery hybrid85 kW PEM~50 mpg (equivalent)4 kg of compressed H2 @ 5000 psi
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Daimler-Chrysler NECAR 5 (introduced in 2000)
85 kW PEM fuel cell
methanol fuel
reformer required
150 km/h top speed
Mitsubishi GrandisFCV minivan
fuel cell / battery hybrid
68 kW PEM
compressed hydrogen fuel
140 km/h top speed
Stationary Power Supply Units
A fuel cell installed at McDonalds restaurant, Long Island Power Authority to install 45more fuelcellsacross Long Island,including homes.Feb 26,2003
More than 2500 stationary fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world - inhospitals, nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools, utility power plants, and anairportterminal, providing primary power or backup. In large-scale building systems, fuelcells can reducefacility energy service costs by 20%to 40% over conventional energyservice.
Residential Power Units
There are few residential fuel cel l power uni ts on the market but many designs areundergoing testing and should be available within the next few years. The majortechnical difficulty in producing residential fuel cells is that they must be safe to install ina home, andbe easilymaintainedby theaverage homeowner.
Residential fuel cells are typically thesize of a large deep freezer or furnace,such as the Plug Power 7000 unitshownhere,and cost $5000- $10 000.
I f a power company was to install a residential fuel cel l power uni t in a home, i t would
haveto chargethe homeownerat least 40 /kWh to be economically profitable. They willhaveto remaina backup power supplyfor thenear future.
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Residential PEM fuel cell cogeneration system
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References
http://www.clarkson.edu/highschool/k12/project/documents/energysystems/LP_3fuelcell.pdf
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions a nd Sinks (2008), EPA
http://scienceblogs.com/seed/nuclear_power_plant.gif
http://tajikwater.net/img/hydropower_2.jpg
http://s1.hubimg.com/u/484084_f496.jpg
http://www.iaacblog.com/2008-2009/term02/rs2/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/biomass-energy-co2-cycle-thumb-425x373.jpg
http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/alternative_energy/biomass/BIOMASSTYPES1.gif
http://cset.sp.utoledo.edu/~energy/Fuel%20Cell/HIMALAY/Fuel%20Cell%20History.ppt
http://policy.rutgers.edu/ceeep/hydrogen/education/IntroFuelCells.pdf
http://www.sakshieducation.com/(S(l5pr1kebnwnwn1qz0kvggg55))/Engg/EnggAcademia/CommonSubjects/EnggChemistryUnit-I.ppt
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