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Luís Rallo Romero

Fuentes genéticas de la aceituna: Los fundamentos para el cultivo y la calidad del olivo

Congreso Internacional. 5ª edición

Beyond Extra Virgin

Córdoba 8 al 10 de junio 2011

Luís Rayo Romero

Catedrático Producción Vegetal

de la Universidad de Córdoba

090611

OLIVE GENETIC RESOURCES:THEFOUNDATIONS OF OLIVEGROWING AND OLIVE OIL

QUALITY

Luis RalloDepartamento de Agronomía

Universidad de Córdoba

ORIGIN OF CULTIVARS

1 3a 3b

ORIGIN OF CULTIVARS

BEGINNING AND DIFFUSSION

DIFUSSION

Syria

Turkey

Lebanon

EgyptLibya

TunisiaAlgeria

Morocco

Spain

France

Italy

Greece

(4000 a.C)

Israel

Portugal

(1000 B.C)

(400 BC)

(600 a.C)

(600 B.C)

(600 BC)

(600 BC)

(3000 B.C)

(1500 B.C)

(1500 BC)

(2500 a.C)

Creo que, como de vides,

también de olivos hay

muchas variedades,

pero a mi sólo me han llegado

noticias de diez, el “posio”, el “licinio”,

el “sergio”, el “nevio”, el “culminio”, el

“orquis”, el “regio”, el “lanzadera” y el

“mirteo”…….

Lucio Fabio Moderato Columela

CATALOGUING CULTIVARS

EX SITU CONSERVATION

PROSPECTIONPROSPECTION (1972-1992)

• 13 Regions• 33 Counties

• 181 Local Districts• 983 Sampled Olives• 501 Denominations

PROPAGAPROPAGATIONTION

IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION• Morphological Scheme

• Molecular Markers

272 CULTIVARS272 CULTIVARS

EX-SITU CONSERVATION (WOGB)EX-SITU CONSERVATION (WOGB)

WOGB : THE SPANISH CATALOGUE

Currently more than 700 olive accesionsCurrently more than 700 olive accesions

WOGB : THE SPANISH CATALOGUE

EX-SITU ConservationEX-SITU Conservation

715 Accesions715 Accesions

406 in colecction (20 countries)406 in colecction (20 countries)

Identification

Morphological

Molecular

Agronomic

evaluationPlant materialdistribution

International Bank of Reference

WORLD OLIVE GERPLASM BANK OF CORDOBA

THE INTEGRATION OF METHODOLOGIES AND EFFORTS

WOGB : Conservation, Evaluation, Interchange

WOGB : Evaluation of VOO composition

WOGB : Evaluation of VOO quality

Fatty Acids Sensorial

Enclosure Repository

IN SITU CONSERVATION

0.00 0.25 0.49 0.73 1.00

Or Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Si Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Ba Oc Si

Ba Or Si

Ba Ba Ba Ba Si

Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Ce Ba Si Si

Ba Ba Ba Si Si Si Si Si Ba Si Si Si Oc Or Si

Ba Ba Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Si Or Or Or Or Or Or Ba Ce Ba Or Or Or Si

Ce Ce Ce Or Or Or Or

Ce Ce Or Ce Ce Or Or Or Or Or Oc Oc Oc Ba Oc

Ce Oc Oc Oc Oc Oc Or Ce Ce Or Ce

Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Oc Ba Oc Oc

Ba Ba Ba Si Oc Or Ba

Ac

eb

uc

he

sC

ult

iva

do

s

Wild

Rootstocks

Cultivated WestCultivated East

Cultivated Central

Similarity Index

IN SITU CONSERVATION

Heritage Olives: Genetic Studies

Heritage Cultivars

Current Cultivars (WOGB))

Heritage Wild Olives

Rootstocks from Heritage Cultivars

(AL)

JaénCórdoba

SevillaHuelva

Almer íaGranada

Málaga

Cádiz

(J)(CO)

(SE)

(HU)

(CA)

(MA)

(GR)

CA

J

SE

ALGR

HU

J

MA

CA

CO

HU

SE

CO

HU

AL

GR

HU

MA

CO

SE

AL

GRJ

MA

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0,5

1

1,5

-1,5 -1 -0,50

0,5 1 1,5

Eje X: 47,5%

Eje Y: 12,1%

Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

Olive Genetic Resources Catalogues

BREEDING

OLIVE GROWING IN A TIME OF CHANGE

New intensive and mechanized growing systems

Picual

30%

Cornicabra13%

Lechín de Sevilla

8%

Hojiblanca10%

Others39%

Picual

55%

Arbequina

16%

Hojiblanca

20%

Others

9%

Cultivars planted 1975 Cultivars planted 1995

OLIVE GROWING IN A TIME OF CHANGEStandarizing planted cultivars

¿ Lose of variability ?

Joint UCO-IFAPA Breeding Program:

Agronomics:

- High yield and early bearing

- Aptitude to mechanical harvesting

- Resistence to diseases

- Rooting ability

- Small vigour

Oleotechnics:

- High flesh/pit

- High oil content

- Diversity of VOO

Ob

ject

ive

s

Crosses

Pollination

Collecting Pollen Cleaning Pollen

Pollen Sprayer

Year Crosses Seedlingss PreselectionsAdvanced

Selections

TOTAL 99 8699 (10021) 319 30

Genotypes on Evaluation

1991/99 42 3672 137 30

2000/2002 29 2130 182

2004 4 438

2005 8 929

2006 16 1530

High variability

0

5

10

15

20

0,5 1,2 2 2,7 3,5 4,2 5

Flesh/Pit RatioA, F

P

Oil Content DW(%)

0

5

10

15

20

40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76

A, F,P

0

10

20

30

40

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Fruit weight(g)

A

FP

Oleic Acid (%)

0

5

10

15

20

42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84

AP F

Phenols composition in Advanced Selections

Advanced Selections

14.2

FebEneDicNovOct

Time of RipeningSpolocaea

R

Oil

Content

Fruit

SizeCrop (kg)CrossSelection

UC-I 5-44

UC-I 7-34

UC-I 11-10

UC-I 7-60

UC-I 4-62

UC-I 8-7

UC-I 1-19

UC-I 11-16

UC-I 1-21UC-I 10-30

UC-I 2-68

UC-I 6-9

UC-I 2-52

UC-I 10-54

UC-I 7-8

UC-I 4-1

UC-I 8-20

UC-I 9-67

UC-I 5-65UC-I 3-62

Pic x Arb

Pic x Arb

Arb x Pic

Fra x Pic

Fra x Pic

Pic x Arb

Fra x Pic

Pic x Arb

Arb x PicFra x Pic

Pic x Arb

Arb x Pic

Fra x Pic

Arb x Pic

Arb x Pic

Pic x Arb

Pic x Arb

Arb x Pic

Pic x ArbFra x Pic

20.8

23.7

25.7

14.8

17.3

23.8

18.3

11.211.3

31.9

18.3

22.2

20.8

18.6

26.2

16.1

24.2

7.45.2

M

P

G

G

G

M

M

M

MM

G

M

M

M

P

P

M

M

PM

113.9

113.2

107.4

108.1

107.9

108.0

107.7

108.8

108.4

113.4107.5

110.2

113.4

107.9

111.6

105.7

110.8

108.9

109.7

116.3

M

S

M

M

R

S

R

S

SR

S

S

M

S

S

S

S

S

SR

‘Sikitita’, ‘Arbequina’ y ‘Frantoio’

‘Sikitita’: Fruit Size

Peso (g)

0

1

2

3

2003 2004 2005 2006

'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 2004 2005 2006

'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'

‘Sikitita’: Oil CompositionA

ceit

e (

% M

S )

0

1020

30

40

5060

70

C16

:0

C16

:1

C18

:0

C18

:1

C18

:2

C18

:3

'Arbequina' 'Chiquitita'

Co

mp

os

ició

n (

% )

‘Sikitita’ : Pannel Test

Fruity

Green

Bitter

PungentSweet

Almond

Apple

'Arbequina'

'Chiquitita'

‘Sikitita’ vs ‘Arbequina’

Hedgerow Field Trial

‘Arbosana’ x ‘Sikitita’

‘Sikitita’: Progeny

www.sikitita.es

Diffusion of ‘Sikitita’ (‘Chiquitita’)

•Register (EU) March 2009

•Protectión: EU, USA, México, Argentina,

Chile, Morocco, Tunis, Turkey, Southafrica,

Australia

•Difussión;

•12 licensed nurseries in EU(2010)

• Licensed Plantations in Spain (2010)

100ha

Breeding for resistence to Verticillium dahliae

SEVILLA12%

CÓRDOBA24%

JAÉN26%

Average incidence= 20.5%

ANDALUCÍA

Roca, 2007

9.000 sampled trees

Difusion of Verticillium dahliae

SEEDLINGS FROM CROSS AND OPEN POLLINATED

FLOWERS

EARLY TEST OF RESISTENCE to EARLY TEST OF RESISTENCE to V. dahliaeV. dahliae under control under control

INFESTED SOIL ORCHARDS

VEGETATIVE

PROPAGATION

Breeding for resistence to Verticillium dahliae

RESISTENCE FINAL TEST

FIELD SELECTION

FORCED GROWTH

Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence 2011

34 progenies more than 5,000 genotypes34 progenies more than 5,000 genotypes

700 preselected genotypes700 preselected genotypes

‘Empeltre’ x ‘Koroneiki’

‘Empeltre’ x ‘Frantoio’

‘Empeltre’ x Sikitita

‘Empeltre’ x Libre

‘Frantoio’ x ‘Picual’

‘Frantoio’ x ‘Arbequina’

‘Frantoio x ‘Empeltre’

‘Frantoio x ‘Changlot

Real’

’Frantoio.’ x ‘Koroneiki’

‘Frantoio’ x HU-102

‘Frantoio’ x Sikitita

‘Frantoio’ x Libre

‘Changlot Real’ x

‘Koroneiki’

‘Changlot Real’ x

‘Empeltre’

‘Changlot Real’ x

‘Frantoio’X Libre

‘Picual’ x ‘Frantoio’

‘Picual’ x ‘Arbequina’

‘Picual’ x Libre

‘Koroneiki’ x Libre

‘Sikitita’ x Libre

‘Sevillenca’ x Libre

‘Leccino’ x Libre

‘Cipresino’ x Libre

Olea europaea subs. cuspidata x Libre

(Sudáfrica)

Olea exasperata x Libre

Olea capensis x Libre

‘’Arbosana’ x ‘Sikitita’

‘Sikitita’ x ‘Arbosana’

‘Koroneiki’ x ‘Arbosana’

‘Arbosana’ x ‘Koroneiki’

‘Koroneiki’ x ‘Sikitita’

CROSSES

Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence

Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence

Planted preselected genotypes 2011

Genitors transmitting resistance: Genitors transmitting resistance: ‘‘FrantoioFrantoio’’ and and

‘‘KoroneikiKoroneiki’’

Seedlings Evaluation for Resistence

Main Results

Seedlings resistance in all progeniesSeedlings resistance in all progenies

Preselected genotypes in 2009 and 2010 planted inPreselected genotypes in 2009 and 2010 planted in

2011 in highly2011 in highly V. dahliae V. dahliae infested soils infested soils

Capacity Building

TOTAL 12 5 8

TOPIC Ph. D M.Sc Agr.Eng.

JUVENILE PHASE 3 2

EVALUATION 3 1 5

GENOMICS 7 1 1

PH D y M Sc.: Akdalic, M.; Antunes, F.; Belaj, A.; De la Rosa, R..; Díaz, A; Díaz, M.C.; El

Riachy, M.; Gracía, A.; Hammami, S.;Kiran,A.I. ; León,L.; Moral, J.; Moreno-Alías, I.;

Múñoz-Díez,C.; Rallo, P.; Trujillo, I..

Ing. Agr : Alvarado ,J. ; Ariza, C.; Mazzarro, M.; Mejias, R..; Mohedo, A..;

Trapero,C.