fundus fluoroscein angiography
Post on 07-May-2015
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FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
FLUORESCENCE :- Property of the certain molecules to emit light energy of longer wave length when stimulated by a shorter wavelength.
Absorbs light in the blue range peaking at 465-490 nm Emits light of yellow-green range of visible
spectrum peaking at 520-530nm.
PRINCIPLE
EXCITATION AND EMISSION
SODIUM FLUORESCEIN Diabasic Acid, Yellow Red in color. Stable, Highly Water Soluble & Pharmacologically
inert. Low Molecular Weight 376.27 D Fluoresces at Blood pH Peak absorption 465 – 490 nm Peak emission 520 – 530 nm 80% bound to plasma protein and also with RBC Can’t pass through tight retinal barriers so allows
study of retinal circulation
within 24 hours
Mainly –urine ( yellow orange coloration) Small amount-bile
Some absorbed by kidney
Skin staining may remain up to 24 hours
Urine discoloration –24-36 hours
CLEARANCE
10 % Solution of 5 ml25% Solution of 3 ml (for opaque media)
Solution above 25% precipitates.
DOSAGE
Peripheral vein
venous circulation
heart
arterial system
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Ophthalmic artery
Short posterior ciliary artery Central retinal Artery (choroidal circulation) (retinal circulation)
CIRCULATION
TECHNIQUE
Patient is informed of the normal procedures, the side effects and the adverse reactions.
Dilating the pupil
Made to sit comfortable.
3-4 red free photographs taken.(control photographs)
PROCEDURE
5ml of 10% or 3ml of 25% NAF injected through the anticubital vein
wait for 10 – 12 seconds( normal arm-retina time)
Photos are taken at 1 second interval for 10 seconds
Then every 2 seconds interval for 30 seconds
Late photographs are usually taken after 3 ,5 and 10 minutes
Prearterial phase (choroidal phase) Arterial phase Arterio -venous phase Venous phase early venous mid venous late venous Late phase
PHASES OF NORMAL ANGIOGRAM
10 -12 seconds
Initially patchy filling diffuse filling dye leaks from choriocapillaris
no dye reaches retinal arteries
Cilioretinal artery if present fills in this phase
CHOROIDAL PHASE
CHOROIDAL PHASE
ARTERIAL PHASE
ARTERIO-VENOUS PHASE
EARLY VENOUS PHASE
MID VENOUS PHASE
MID VENOUS LATE VENOUS
LATE PHASE ( ELIMINATION PHASE)
Gradual elimination of dye from choroidal and the retinal circulation
Staining of disc :- normal
After 30 seconds of injection first high concentration flush of fluoroscein begins to empty and Recirculation phase follows.
Vessels completely empty of fluoroscein in approx 10 minutes.
PHASE TIME ( IN Secs)
Injection 0
Choroidal phase 10
Arterial 10-12
Arterio venous 13
Early venous 14-15
Mid venous 16-17
Late venous 18-20
Late ( elimination) 5 MINS
Angiogram
Normal Abnormal Artifact
Hyperfluorescence Hypofluoresence
INTERPRETATION
HYPERFLUORESCENCE – an area of abnormally high fluorescence due to increase density of dye molecule
HYPOFLUORESCENCE - an area of abnormally poor fluorescence
TERMINOLOGIES
PSEUDOFLUORESCENCE - Non fluorescent light passes through entire filter system. - Decreased contrast and resolutionConditions: Any light colored fundus change e.g.ScleraScar tissueMyelinated nerve fibreForeign Body
innate property of fluorescence in certain ocular tissue
fluorescence without dye
Optic nerve head drusen & astrocytic hamartoma
AUTOFLUORESCENCE
Optic Nerve Head Drusen
Microaneurysm, Telengiectasia Anastomosis
Retinal Abnormal Vessels in DR
Retinal Neovascularization
Tumor: Choroidal Hemangioma
PE Window Defect
SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
Late Extravascular Hyperfluorescence Considered Normal
Fluorosence of Disc margins from surrounding capillaries
Fluorosence of lamina cribrosa
Fluorosence of Sclera at disc margin if RPE terminates away from disc as in Optic crescent
Fluoresence of Sclera if RPE is lightly pigmented.
Vitreous
DISC
CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA
NON CYSTOID
PERIVASCULAR STAINING
POOLING –
accumulation of dye in closed space e.g. RPE detachment, CSR
SUB-RETINAL SPACE SUB RPE SPACE Early hyperfluorescence early hyperfluorescence increase in size & intensity increase intensity only e.g. CSR,CNVM e.g. PED
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
PED
STAINING
Refers to leakage of fluoroscein into tissue or material
Must be contrasted from Pooling
Rule out which tissue involved: RPE Bruch’s Memb Choroid Sclera
STAINING
Blockage
Pre Retinal Haemorrhage
Intra Retinal Hhg
Sub retinal Hhg
RPE Hypertrophy
Vascular Filling Defect
BRVO
Evaluation of vascular integrity of retinal & choroidal vessels
Disease process affecting macula
Integrity of the Blood Ocular Barrier. - outer blood retinal barrier breaks in :- CSR - inner blood retinal barrier breaks in:-NVD ,NVE
USES
Determining the extent of damage
Formulating the treatment strategy for retinal & choroidal disease.
Monitoring the result of treatment.
MILD MODERATE SEVEREStaining of skin, sclera and mucous membrane
Nausea ,vomiting laryngeal edema bronchospasm
Stained secretion Tear, saliva
Vasovagal response
Circulatory shock, MI, cardiac arrest
Orange-yellow urine urticaria Generalized convulsion
Skin flushing, tingling lips, pruritus
fainting Skin necrosis
periphlebitis
COMPLICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATION
ABSOLUTE1) known allergy2) H/O adverse reaction in past.
Asthma
Hay fever
Renal failure
Hepatic failure
Pregnancy ( especially 1st trimester)
RELATIVE
THANK YOU
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