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History and History and Classifications of Classifications of

Aero EnginesAero Engines

UMB318UMB318

Prejet Engines History

Icarus flew too close to the sun which melted his wings of wax and feathers,

and he fell back to Earth.

150: Hero's Engine (aeolipile) — Apparently, Hero's steam engine was taken to be no more than a toy, and thus its full potential not realized for centuries.

1232 - Chinese began to use rockets as weapons. The invention of gun powder

uses the reaction principle to move rockets foward.

1500: The "Chimney Jack" was drawn by Leonardo da Vinci: Hot air from a fire rises through a single-stage axial turbine rotor mounted in the exhaust duct of

the fireplace and turning the roasting spit by gear/ chain connection.

1551: Taqi al-Din invented a rudimentary form of an impulse steam turbine, which he used to power a self-rotating spit.

1629: Jets of steam rotated an impulse turbine that then drove a working

stamping mill by means of a bevel gear, developed by Giovanni Branca.

Lagari, 1633

1678: Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage relying on a steam jet for power.

1687 - Sir Isaac Newton announces the three laws of motion. These form the

basis for modern propulsion theory.

1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas

turbines. The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage.

In Jules Verne's 1865 scientific novel, the capsule misses the moon and enters an elliptical orbit whereby there are two fates: the capsule will eventually be

drawn to the moon's surface by gravity, or remain in orbit forever.

1872: A gas turbine engine was designed by Dr. Franz Stolze, but the engine

never ran under its own power.

Patent drawing of the Monoplane, 1874. The plane used a very compact, high-speed circulation steam engine for which Félix du Temple applied for a patent

on 28 April 1876.

1894: Sir Charles Parsons patented the idea of propelling a ship with a steam turbine, and built a demonstration vessel, the Turbinia, easily the fastest vessel

afloat at the time. This principle of propulsion is still of some use.

1895: Three 4-ton 100 kW Parsons radial flow generators were installed in Cambridge Power Station, and used to power the first electric street lighting

scheme in the city.

1899: Charles Gordon Curtis patented the first gas turbine engine in the USA ("Apparatus for generating mechanical power", Patent No. US635,919).

1900: Dr. Sanford Moss submitted a thesis on gas turbines. Later Dr. Moss became an engineer for General Electric Company in England. While there, he applied some of his concepts in the developement of the turbo-supercharger.

His design used a small turbine wheel, driven by exhaust gases, to turn a supercharger.

1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about

aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced

11 hp (massive for those days). His work was later used by Sir Frank Whittle.

Tsiolkovsky and Goddard - the fathers of rocket science in Russia and the

United States.

1906: The Armengaud-Lemale turbine engine in France with water-cooled combustion chamber.

1910: Holzwarth impulse turbine (pulse combustion) achieved 150 kilowatts. 1913: Nikola Tesla patents the Tesla turbine based on the boundary layer

effect.

1920: The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by

Dr. A. A. Griffith.

1930: Sir Frank Whittle patented the design for a gas turbine for jet propulsion. His work on gas propulsion relied on the work from all those who had previously worked in the same field and he has himself stated that his invention would be hard to achieve without the works of Ægidius Elling. The first successful use of

his engine was in April 1937.

1932: BBC Brown, Boveri & Cie of Switzerland starts selling axial compressor and turbine turbosets as part of the turbocharged steam generating Velox boiler. Following the gas turbine principle, the steam evaporation tubes are

arranged within the gas turbine combustion chamber; the first Velox plant was erected in Mondeville, France.

1934: Raúl Pateras de Pescara patented the free-piston engine as a gas

generator for gas turbines.

1936: Hans von Ohain and Max Hahn in Germany developed their own patented engine design at the same time that Sir Frank Whittle was developing

his design in England .

1939: First 4 MW utility power generation gas turbine from BBC Brown, Boveri

& Cie. for an emergency power station in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

1939 (August) - The aircraft company Ernst Heinkel Aircraft flew the first flight

of a gas turbine jet, the HE178.

1941 - Sir Frank Whittle designed the first successful turbojet airplane, the Gloster Meteor, flown over Great Britain. Whittle improved his jet engine during the war, and in 1942 he shipped an engine prototype to General Electric in the

United States. America's first jet plane was built the following year.

1942 - Dr. Franz Anslem developed the axial-flow turbojet, Junkers Jumo 004,

used in the Messerschmitt Me 262, the world's first operational jet fighter.

After W.W.II, the development of jet engines was directed by a number of commercial companies. Jet engines soon became the most popular method of

powering airplanes.

Classification of Gas Turbine Engines

• Airbreathing – Turbine powered

• Turbojet • Turbofan • Turboprop and turboshaft • Propfan

– Ram powered • Ramjet • Scramjet

– Non-continuous combustion

• Rocket • Hybrid• Future of Aircraft and Power Plant Industries

Turbojet Maxime Guillaume held a French patent for a turbojet engine in1921.

TurbopropThe world's first turboprop was the Jendrassik Cs-1, designed by the Hungarian

mechanical engineer György Jendrassik.

TurboshaftThe first gas turbine engines used for armoured fighting vehicle GT 101 was

installed in Panther tank mid 1944.

Turbofan The very first running turbofan was the German Daimler-Benz DB

670(designated as the 109-007 by the RLM) which was operated on its testbed on April 1, 1943.

PropfanThe Progress D-27 propfan, developed in the U.S.S.R, is even more

unconventional in layout, with the propfan blades at the front of the engine in a tractor configuration. NASA and GE Aviation are testing a new “open rotor” jet

engine with a different design that puts the fan blades on the outside of the

engine.

Pulse jet engineNon-continuous combustion

The Swedish inventor Martin Wiberg has a claim to having invented the first pulse jet in Sweden, but exact details of the patent are unclear. It is also

unclear whether any working models were made. (V1)

RamjetThe ramjet was invented in 1913 by French inventor René Lorin, who was granted a patent for his device. Attempts to build a prototype failed due to

inadequate materials

Scramjet First successful flight test of Scramjet was performed by Russia in 1991. It was

axisymmetric hydrogen-fueled dual-mode scramjet developed by Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM), Moscow from late 1970s. Except for

specialized rocket research vehicles like the North American X-15 and other rocket-powered spacecraft.

Rocket Engine & Hybrid & Future of Aircraft and Power Plant Industries

• Water rocket• Cold gas thruster• Solid-fuel rocket• Hybrid rocket• Monopropellant rocket• Liquid-propellant rocket• Dual mode propulsion rocket• Tripropellant rocket• Air-augmented rocket• Air turborocket• Precooled jet engine• Liquid Air Cycle Engine

See Also: • Ion Propulsion• Nuclear Propulsion• Microturbine

Rocket Engine

Air Turborocket

Air-Augmented Rocket

Precooled Jet Engine

Liquid Air Cycle Engine

Ion Propulsion

Nuclear Propulsion

Microturbine

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