gegraphical introduction of pakistan by dr. zafar iqbal

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Location and Area

• Pakistan is situated between the latitudes 23° and 36° North and between the longitudes of 61° and 75° East.

• It has an area of 796,095 square kilometers (kms) streaching over 1600 km north to south and about 885km from east to west.

• land: 778,720 sq km water: 25,220 sq km

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Neighboring Countries• India is on its eastern border,• The People’s Republic of China lies to the

north east.• Afghanistan is situated on its northwestern

boundary line that is 2252km long and known as Durand Line

• while Iran shares border with Pakistan in the southwest.

• In north only a 24 km long Wakhan border of Afghanistan separates it from the Tajikistan.

•

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• Jammu and Kashmīr is a disputed territory located between Pakistan and India.

• Pakistan controls a portion of the territory as Azad (Free) Kashmīr and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA), while India controls a portion as the state of Jammu and Kashmīr.

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Indus

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Important to Pakistan• Pakistan extends some 1,700 kilometres northward to

the origins of the Indus among the mountains of• the Himalayas, • Hindu Kush and Karakoram.• Many of their peaks exceed 8,000 metres including • K-2, at 8,611 meters, the second highest in the world.• Pakistan has a coastline of about 1,046 kilometres

with 22,820 square kilometres of territorial waters. • An Exclusive Economic Zone of about 196,600 square

kilometres in the Arabian Sea.

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Important to Pakistan

• The land mass of Pakistan originated in the continent of Gondwanaland which is thought to have broken off from Africa, drifted across the Indian Ocean, and joined mainland Asia some 50 million years ago.

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Area - comparative:

• slightly less than twice the size of California but second largest Muslim country after Indonesia

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Land boundaries

Border Countries:• Afghanistan 2,430 km,• China 523 km,• India 2,912 km, • Iran 909 km • Tajikistan. (Wakhan) 24 km

• Total: 6,774 kmzafarsst@gmail.com

Coastline:

• 1,046 km

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Terrain(topography):

• flat Indus plain in east;• mountains in north and

northwest; Balochistan plateau in west

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Elevation Extremes:• Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

• Highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

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LAND USE• : arable land: 27.81%

•permanent crops: 0.79%

• other: 71.4% (1998 est.)

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Environment - international agreements

• Biodiversity,• Climate Change,• Desertification,• Endangered Species, • Environmental Modification,• Hazardous Wastes,• Law of the Sea, • Marine Dumping,• Ozone Layer Protection, • Ship Pollution,• Nuclear Test Ban zafarsst@gmail.com

Age structure:• 0-14 years: 39.3% • (male) 30,463,958;• female 28,726,776)• 15-64 years: 56.5%• (male 43,571,093; • female 41,651,872)

65 years and over: 4.2% • (male 3,051,674;• female 3,229,367) (2003 est.)

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Religions:• Muslim 97% • (Sunni 77%, • Shi'a 20%), • Christian, Hindu, and other 3%

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Languages: • Punjabi 48%,• Sindhi 12%,• Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,• Pashtu 8%,• Urdu (official) 8%,• Balochi 3%,• Hindko 2%,• Brahui 1%,• Burushaski, and other 8%

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Literacy:• Definition: age 15 and over can read and

write • Total population: 45.7%

Male: 59.8% Female: 30.6%

• (2003 est.)

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COUNTRY NAME:• Conventional long form: Islamic Republic

of Pakistan • Conventional short form: Pakistan

• Former: West Pakistan

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Administrative Divisions:

• 4 provinces,• Islamabad Capital Territory• Jammu and Kashmir region • Azad Kashmir • FANA (Federally Administered

Northern Areas) • FATA (Federally Administered

Tribal Areas)zafarsst@gmail.com

Constitution:• 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored

with amendments 30 December• 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored on

31 December 2002•

Note: selected provisions of the Constitution pertaining to changes President MUSHARRAF made while the Constitution was suspended, remain contested by political opponents

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Legal system:

• Based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

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Judicial Branch

• Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president);

• Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court • High Court• District Court

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GDP - composition by sector:

• agriculture: 24% industry: 25% services: 51%

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