gender diversity

Masculinityand

Femininity

Part A14 differences between men and women.

Part BHigh masculinity cultures.

Part CLow masculinity cultures.

Part A14 differences between men and women

# 1Companies with

more women in top management aremore successful

Source :http://www.catalyst.org/press-release/73/companies-with-more-women-board-directors-experience-higher-financial-performance-according-to-latest-catalyst-bottom-line-reporthttps://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Changing_companies_minds_about_women_2858

Fortune 500 companies with the highest percentages of women board directors outperformed those with the least by 66% measured by return on invested capital.

Firms with women in top positions perform better -especially if the firms pursue an innovation intensive strategy, in which creativity and collaboration are especially important.

Source :2008 study on the top 1,500 U.S. companies from 1992 to 2006.http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true

# 2There are more male CEOs than

female CEOs

12 Fortune 500 companies have a woman as CEO

Source : http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/

Source : http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/

# 3The greater the

power of women, the greater a country’seconomic success

Source :OECD research.http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true

# 4Women rate

meaning higher thanpay and status.

Men do not.

Most women rate meaninghigher than pay and status.

Most men rate pay and status higher than meaning.

WomenMen

Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8

# 5Women have more social competence

than men

Women experience more emotions than men do

Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8http://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=476364&mode=search

Women tend to be a little better than men on average at sensing in the moment what the other person is feeling.

Source : Daniel Goleman.http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6368484

Girl babies pay attention tofacial expressions.

Boy babies pay attention to toys.

SourceFrans de Waal. http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/200910236

Empathy derives, originally, from maternal care.

Source : Frans de Waal. http://youtu.be/UONxT4Tb3C0

Women score significantly higherthan men on measure of empathy .

Sourceshttp://youtu.be/Aq_nCTGSfWE, minute 6.Frans de Waal. http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/200910236

Women have, on average, more emotional intelligence than men.

Groups with more women thereforetend to be smarter.

Source :Thomas Malone.http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/05/mit-management-professor-tom-malone-on-collective-intelligence-and-the-genetic-structure-of-groups/

Women cooperate more than men in mixed-sex interactions.

However, male-male interactions are more cooperative than female-female interactions.

Source : Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.Balliet, Daniel; Li, Norman P.; Macfarlan, Shane J.; Van Vugt, Mark.Psychological Bulletin, Sep 12, 2011.http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2011-20484-001/

Source : http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/7216/1/umi-umd-4612.pdf, p. 4.

Females are rated on average as having greater levels of

social competence than males.

# 6Women dominate

men in social networking

Source : U.S. online adult population. http://mashable.com/2011/09/22/women-social-network/

34% of women and 22% of men use social media to stay in touch with their coworkers

Women have 8% more Facebookfriends on average than men.

Source :Sheryl Sandberg, COO Facebook.http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/20/why-women-rule-the-internet/

Women build deeprelationships but don’t have wide networks.

Men build wide networks but not deep relationships.

WomenMen

Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8http://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=240660&mode=search

# 7Men are more likely

than women to disregard guidance

from others

Studies show that men are more likely than women to disregard guidance from others.

Source :Kelly E. See, Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison, Naomi B. Rothman, and Jack B. Soll:“The decision-making flaw in powerful people.”http://www.strategy-business.com/article/re00162?pg=all

Source”Typisch Mann – typisch Frau.” Einstein, June 17th, 2010.http://videoportal.sf.tv/video?id=3702ed16-d306-4aa8-a0f0-11716f6561bf

Men do not feel well when being interrupted.

# 8Women’s voices

are more pleasingthan men’s

Scientific studies have shown that people generally find women's voices more

pleasing than men's.

Source :http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/tech/innovation/female-computer-voices/

Source : http://www.alive.dk/Nyheder/Samfund/2011-18-kvinder-irriterende-stemme.aspx

People listen to caring womenand intelligent men

# 9Men take more

risks thanwomen do

Source :http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/201008/why-women-live-longer-menhttp://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=480789&mode=search

Women live longer than men mostly because they avoid a risky lifestyle .

Women avoid risk because they are primary care-givers.

# 10The higher women climb up

the corporate ladder, the fewer children they have.

The reverse is true for men.

Source : http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/swiss/news_publications/pdf/women_matter_english.pdf, p. 16.

Source : http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true

# 11Women live

longer than men

Source : http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true

# 12Men are bigger

than women

The body size of men is, on average, 10% larger than that

of women .

Sources : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 137 and 462.http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/sport/aktuell/schwingfest_-_wenger_eilt_in_frauenfeld_von_sieg_zu_sieg_1.7292911.html

# 13Men lie about

earnings. Women lieabout their weight

Women tend to lie about their age and their weight.

Source : http://23moments.com/why-men-lie-up-and-women-lie-down

Men tend to lie about their earnings and their height.

# 14Women like

brighter coloursbetter than men do

Favourite coloursof men

SourceSurvey of 232 people from 22 countries. http://advertiser-in-arabia.blogspot.com/2011/03/true-colors-colors-by-gender.html

SourceSurvey of 232 people from 22 countries. http://advertiser-in-arabia.blogspot.com/2011/03/true-colors-colors-by-gender.html

Favourite coloursof women

Part BHigh masculinity

cultures

MasculinityPercentage ofmen/women in

parliament

Percentage ofmen/women in

management positions

Degree of differences in tasks that

girls/women andboys/men do at home

Percentage ofmen/women

doing board work

Development aidin percent of GDP

Percentage ofcompanies owned

by women

Degree ofagression in

solving conflicts

Expenditure onmaternity leaveand child care

Degree of differences in tasks that

girls/women andboys/men do at work

Extent to whichreligions are tough

Highmasculinity

Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 19.

Gender cap index

Source : http://russiansphinx.blogspot.com/2011/03/men-vs-women-on-facebook.html

Male – female ratio on Facebook

For Arab families, honor is one of the highest values.

Since family honor is dependent upon female purity, extreme modesty and sexual segregation must be maintained at all times.

Source :http://www.healthcarechaplaincy.org/userimages/Cultural_Spiritual_Sensitivity_Learning_%20Module%207-10-09.pdf, p. 22.

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Niquab

Dupatta

Burqa

Chador Tudong

Hijab

Abaya

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

An Afghan woman at the older part of Kabul

SourceDie Welt in Bildern. Eine Bildauswahl der NZZ-Redaktion. February 16th, 2011.

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html

A woman in Saudi Arabia is not allowed to drive a car .

Source : http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100416_Globetrotter_Sabrina3_su/index_EN

Sources : http://kolindkuren.dk/2008/03/07/saudi-arabien-effektivitet/

In Riyadh, a city of 4.7 million people, 1 million people work as drivers .

In Saudi Arabia, women must obtain written permission from their closest male relative to leave the country or travel on public transportation between different parts of the kingdom.

Source : http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100416_Globetrotter_Sabrina3_su/index_ENhttp://listverse.com/2008/11/20/10-extreme-examples-of-gender-inequality/

Behind the steering wheel, all Saudi men turn into testosterone-driven predators who stop for nothing and no one.

Horrendous traffic accidents are therefore the norm.

Sourcehttp://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100604_globetrotter_sabrina5_su/index_EN

Eine saudische Frau kann ohne Erlaubnisihres Vormunds nicht ein Telefon kaufen.

Source :http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/asien-und-ozeanien/Warum-saudische-Vaeter-ihren-Toechtern-die-Hochzeit-verbieten-/story/20512583

In Saudi Arabia, Saudi women accounted for less than 1% of the private-sector workforce in 2009.

Source : www.strategy-business.com/article/11209?pg=all

Of the 260 lingerie shops in Jeddah, 5 are staffed by women.

Source : http://us.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A91S820101110

Women who want to establish their own businesses are obliged to hire a male manager in order to receive a commercial license.

Source : http://genderindex.org/country/saudi-arabia

Percentage of women in national parliaments

Source : http://www.ubs.com/2/e/medlib/wmr/IGWM_spez_2010_en.pdf

Kuwait prohibits women from working after 8 PM.

Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 10.

Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 10.

In Swaziland, women require the permission of husbands or fathers to open a bank account or a business, obtain a passport or enforce a contract

Swazi people dancing

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland

In Iraq, Libya, Jordan, Morocco, Oman and Yemen, married women must have their husband’s written permission to travel abroad.

Source : http://listverse.com/2008/11/20/10-extreme-examples-of-gender-inequality/

After the revolution in Iran in 1979, many laws were passedthat disadvantaged women greatly. These laws are still in force today.

Example # 1The age at which girls can be tried at court is 9 – for boys 15.

Example # 2A woman’s testimony is worth only half of that of a man.In practice, that means that a woman has to produce 2 witnesses in the event of a rape, for example.

SourceInterview with Dr. Shirin Ebadi, first female judge in Iran and Nobel Peace Prize winner.https://emagazine.credit-suisse.com/app/article/index.cfm?fuseaction=OpenArticle&aoid=292118&lang=EN

Girls are nurtured primarily tothink of marriage, children.

SourceInterview with Ms. Najda Al-Awadhi, CEO of Dubai Media.http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/download/20090311middleeast-english.pdf

Men earn 4 times more than women in Egypt

Source :http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf

Female labour force participation

Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf

% of working age population

Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 29.

Percentage of women in national parliaments

Source :http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf

Source : http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1639/global-survey-gender-equality-women-rights-job-priority-education-girls

When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job

Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2009.pdf, p. 25.

Global gender cap

Global competitiveness

Egypt

Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 126.

As of April, 2010, music, musical ringtones, movies and bras are banned in Somalia.

Source : http://www.news.com.au/world/music-bras-banned-in-somalia/story-e6frfkyi-1225853365318

Working proportion of mothers with children under 6 yea rs

Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 10. 2001 numbers.

In Japan, a woman’s marriagechances diminish if she has a

career of her own.

Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 154.

Average number of hours per day fathers spendon household chores and childcare

Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 14.

Female graduates and post-graduatesin % of total graduates

Source : http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/09/female-graduation-rates?fsrc=scn/tw/te/mt/degreesofequality

Right to vote for women

Kuwait2005

Iran1963

Norway1913

Switzerland1971

Saudi Arabia2015

New Zealand1893

CountryYear

Sources :http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htmhttp://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdfhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Royal-reprieve-for-Saudi-woman-driver/articleshow/10177933.cms

Source : http://demokratie.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronologie-frauenstimmrecht-schweiz.html

1971Women are allowed to vote at Swiss elections.

1990Women are allowed to vote in Appenzell Innerrhoden.

Seit 1971 ist die Schweiz eine Demokratie. Vorher war sie eine Männerherrschaft.

Mr. Franz von Däniken.Ehemaliger Staatssekretär, Schweiz.

Source : Das Magazin, nr. 41, Oktober 2009.

Sourcehttp://www.schillingreport.ch/upload/public/5/4173/schillingreport_2011_DE_web.pdf, page 49.

5% women in Top Management

Alice Stümcke, CEO de Sede Group, beschäftigt in der Geschäftsleitung50% Frauen, im Kader 33%.

Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/Bilanz%2013_2010.pdf

Percentage of women in management of 10 largest Swiss companies

Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/Bilanz%2013_2010.pdf

Frauen verdienen in der Privatwirtschaftim Schnitt noch immer fast

24% weniger als die Männer.

SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf, p. 83.

SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf

CHF

CHF

SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf

BMW was forced to recall a female-voiced navigation system on its 5 Series cars in the late 1990s after being flooded with calls from German men saying they refused to take directions from a woman .

Source :http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/tech/innovation/female-computer-voices/

Part CLow masculinity

cultures

Percentage of women in senior management

Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/WiB_11_06_Krabbenkorb.pdf

Female managers are virtuallynonexistent in Japan , but frequent

in the Philippines and Thailand.

Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 137.

In the USA as well as in other masculine culturessuch as Britain and Ireland, there is a feeling thatconflicts should be resolved by a good fight.”Let the best man win.”

In femine cultures such as the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark, there is a preferencefor resolving conflicts by compromise and negotiation .

Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 166.

4Adapting

5Avoiding

3Compromising

1Cooperating

2Forcing

Cooperative behaviourSource : Adapted from Blake & Mouton (1964)

Self confidence

Prime Minister David Cameron has written to heads of government across the globe from Canada to Australia, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, calling it an “anomaly” that, in an age of gender equality, the monarchy continues to enshrine male superiority.

Source : http://www.economist.com/node/21532321?fsrc=scn/tw/te/ar/equalityandthemonarchy

Public expenditure on child care andpre-school education services

Source : http://assets.unicef.ch/downloads/rc8_eng.pdf

GDP per capita(USD in thousands)

Global gender capSource : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 29.

Female employment rate in percent

Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 10.

Source : http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/swiss/news_publications/pdf/women_matter_english.pdf

Percentage of women on boards of Norway’spublic listed companies

Source : http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdf

2002Ansgar Gabrielsen, Minister of Trade and Industry in Norway, proposed - as a voluntary measure - a quota suggesting that, until July 2005, 40% of board members in Norwegian companies are female.

2005The government introduced legislation. Firms were penalized first with fines, then with deregistration from the Oslo Stock Exchange and finally dissolution, if they didn’t reach the quota by January 1st, 2008.

Source : http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdf

The law was not about getting equality between the sexes; it was about the fact that diversity is a valuein itself, that it creates wealth.

Mr. Ansgar Gabrielsen

Sources :http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOE3deWjE0Q

In Spain, 6.6% of board seats are currently filled by women.

Companies will have until 2015 to ensure women make up 40-60% of board positions.

Sourcehttp://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/documents/Breaking%2520the%2520Mould%2520for%2520Women%2520Leaders%2520-%2520could%2520boardroom%2520quotas%2520hold%2520the%2520key.pdf

Advantage # 1Better decisions due to more points of views.

Advantage # 2More motivated workforce, because womenas well as men are represented on the board.

Source :Ms. Annet Arris. http://youtu.be/-WvkSXjojwg, minute 9.

Biggest advantages of having women on boards

Source : http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/12/make_the_argument_put_women_in.html

Talented women, working in inclusive environments, bring in new ideas, values, and perspectives , alongside other benefits.

These include new strategic input, less conflict, greater discussion, and debate about board decision-making. It is here that breakthrough strategies, creativity, and new ways doing business emerge.

”The older you get, the more youare in favour of women quotas.”

Source :http://youtu.be/-WvkSXjojwg, minute 8.

Ms. Annet Arris.

Female labor-force participation rates have risen in Europe

Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/women-hold-up-half-of-the-sky.pdf

“Vivre la République à visage découvert, c'estune question de dignité et d'égalité .

Le voile intégral dissout l'identité d'unepersonne dans celle d'une communauté .”

Mme Michèle Alliot-Marie

Sourceshttp://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/09/14/le-parlement-vote-l-interdiction-du-voile-integral_1411203_823448.html

Sourceshttp://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/parlement-vote-definitivement-linterdiction-burqa-36496http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/09/14/le-parlement-vote-l-interdiction-du-voile-integral_1411203_823448.html

Le projet de loi, présenté par la ministre de la justice, Michèle Alliot-Marie, prévoit l'interdiction du port du voile intégral dans tout l'espace public, avec, à la clé, une amende de 150 euros en cas d'infraction. En casde refus persistant, cette peine pourra être assortie d'un stage de citoyenneté.

En outre, toute personne obligeant une femme à porter le voile intégral – niqab ou burqa – sera passible d'unepeine d'un an d'emprisonnement et 30 000 eurosd'amende .

Where 25% of French women working part-time say they want to work full-time, just 4% of Dutch women do.

Source : http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/11/dutch_feminism

In the Netherlands , less than 10% of women are employed full-time.

Source : http://www.slate.com/id/2274736

Norway

Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 238.

From 2011, 40% of people who are in management roles of Christlich Soziale Union (CSU), must bewomen.

Source : http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/international/agenx_deutschland_csu_frauenquote_1.8193945.html