general principles of risk & insurance
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1 - 1Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
Definitions and concepts What is insurance?
Purchase of a contract that on behalf of purchaser pledges the payment of a sum-certain amount (the “premium”) in exchange for a promise on behalf of the other party (the insurance company) to provide restitution or indemnity arising from the occurrence of a loss
A device for reducing risk by combining a sufficient number of exposure units to make individual losses collectively predictable
The losses of the few are shared among the many
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
1 - 2Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Definitions and concepts (cont'd) The law of large numbers
Primary underpinning to the insurance mechanism The more exposure units in the mix, the easier it become to
predict the groups losses
Fortuitousness Non-fortuitous loss (those losses that are certain to occur may not be
insurable)
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 3Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Peril, Hazard and Risk Although terms may be used synonymously by
practitioners, they do have differing technical meaning
Risk Refers to the uncertainty as to the the outcome of am event Possible outcomes are Loss or No-Loss
Peril The cause of a possible loss
Fire, water damage, mold, etc. Peril may be a covered peril (included under the coverage) or a
peril that is specifically excluded under the policy
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 4Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Peril, Hazard and Risk (cont'd) Hazard
A specific situation that increases the probability of the occurrence of a loss arising from a peril or that may influence the extent of a loss
Concept of Indemnity Indemnity means to make whole again Insurance puts the person back in the same position he
or she was in prior to the loss – no better, no worse
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 5Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Insurance Versus Gambling Insurance is not wagering Three outcomes with gambling
Loss No loss Gain
Two possible outcomes with insurance Loss No loss
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 6Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Other Non-insurance Responses To Risk Retention
One assumes the risk on his or her own Example – Not to purchase collision on an older car Requires careful consideration of the possible losses Corporations use large retention as a financial risk
management strategy
Avoidance Either not doing something or getting rid of the risk
Example – Use of public transportation avoids the risks of physical damage and liability of car ownership
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 7Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Other Non-insurance Responses To Risk Control
Minimizing hazards Example – Installing a burglar alarm
Non-insurance transfer Transfer of risk to someone other than an insurer
Rental agreement for tools where the customer agrees to bring them back in the same condition.
Failure to do so could result in customers being charged for the price of those tools
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
1 - 8Copyright 2008, The National Underwriter Company
Voluntary and Social Insurance Social Insurance
Government agencies that provide social insurance, against loss from
Unemployment, injuries, sickness, old age, premature death Major types of social insurance
Old Age, Survivors, and Disability (Social Security) Workers Compensation Unemployment Compensation
Participation is mandatory Premiums collected via payroll deduction Employees and Employers pay into the social security fund Employers must purchase both workers compensation insurance
and unemployment compensation insurance
Chapter 1Risk Management For Financial Planners
General Principles of Risk & Insurance
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