generating efficient code

Generating Efficient code

Lecture 9

Assignment

• Homework #6 is now available on the class web-site.– Due next Tuesday, Feb 15, 2005

• Read the paper – ML Like Inference for Classifiers – Assigned Thursday Feb 10, 2005– To be discussed, Thursday Feb 17, 2005– We will need a presenter …

Generating Efficient Code

• Staged programs use known information to specialize complex algorithms.

• This often introduces constants and code duplication.

• Removing these inefficiencies after the fact is often difficult (if not impossible if code is abstract and cannot be taken apart).

• Good tools can help us remove the efficiencies as we generate the code.

The region language

datatype Region

= Univ

| Empty

| Circle of real

| Rect of real * real

| Union of Region*Region

| Inter of Region*Region

| Trans of ((real*real)*Region);

Example

val c = Circle 1.0;

fun layer [] = Empty | layer (x::xs) = Union(x,Trans((2.0,0.0),layer xs));

val r1 = Trans((~2.0,0.0),layer[c,c,c]);

The meaning of a region

• The meaning of a region is a set of points in the 2-D plane.

• Most regions have an infinite set of points

• We can capture this by using a characteristic function “P”

• P x true

• P y -> false • x

• y

Helper functions

fun plus x y = x+y;

fun minus x y = x-y;

fun neg x = 0.0 - x;

fun leq x y = x <= y;

fun square x = x*x;

fun between a b c =

(leq a b) andalso (leq b c);

The meaning functionfun mean Empty (x,y) = false | mean Univ (x,y) = true | mean (Circle r) (x,y) = (leq (plus (square x) (square y)) (square r)) | mean (Rect(w,h)) (x,y) = (between (neg w) (plus x x) w) andalso (between (neg h) (plus y y) h) | mean (Trans((a,b),r)) (x,y) = mean r (minus x a,minus y b) | mean (Inter(a,b)) pt = (mean a pt) andalso (mean b pt) | mean (Union(a,b)) pt = (mean a pt) orelse (mean b pt);

Staging the meaning functionfun mean2 Empty (x,y) = <false> | mean2 Univ (x,y) = <true> | mean2 (Circle r) (x,y) = <leq (plus (square ~x) (square ~y))

(square ~(lift r))> | mean2 (Rect(w,h)) (x,y) = <(between (neg w) (plus ~x ~x) ~(lift w)) andalso (between (neg h) (plus ~y ~y) ~(lift h))> | mean2 (Trans((a,b),r)) (x,y) = mean2 r (<minus ~x ~(lift a)> ,<minus ~y ~(lift b)>) | mean2 (Inter(a,b)) pt = <~(mean2 a pt) andalso ~(mean2 b pt)> | mean2 (Union(a,b)) pt = <~(mean2 a pt) orelse ~(mean2 b pt)>;

The results ofval tr1 = <fn (x,y) => ~(mean2 r1 (<x>,<y>))>;

-| val tr1 = <(fn (b,a) => if %leq (%plus (%square (%minus b (~2.0))) (%square (%minus a (0.0)))) (%square (1.0)) then true else if if %leq (%plus (%square (%minus (%minus b (~2.0)) (2.0))) (%square (%minus (%minus a (0.0)) (0.0)))) (%square (1.0)) then true else if if %leq (%plus (%square (%minus (%minus (%minus b (~2.0)) (2.0)) (2.0))) (%square (%minus (%minus (%minus a (0.0)) (0.0)) (0.0)))) (%square (1.0)) then true else false then true else false then true else false)> : <(real * real) -> bool>

Problems

• (if x then true else false)

• (minus x 0)

• (if (if a then b else c) then x else y)

• (square 1.0)

• Code duplication. (minus b 2.0) occurs many times.

What cause this?

– The if-then-else come from the “andalso” and the “orelse”

– We might do better to introduce two operators• conj x y = x andalso y• disj x y = x orelse y

| mean3 (Inter(a,b)) pt = <conj ~(mean3 a pt) ~(mean3 b pt)>

| mean3 (Union(a,b)) pt =

<disj ~(mean3 a pt) ~(mean3 b pt)>;

We now get, but not much better<(fn (b,a) => %disj (%leq (%plus (%square (%minus b (~2.0))) (%square (%minus a (0.0)))) (%square (1.0))) (%disj (%leq (%plus (%square (%minus (%minus b (~2.0)) (2.0))) (%square (%minus (%minus a (0.0)) (0.0)))) (%square (1.0))) (%disj (%leq (%plus (%square (%minus (%minus (%minus b (~2.0)) (2.0)) (2.0))) (%square (%minus (%minus (%minus a (0.0)) (0.0)) (0.0)))) (%square (1.0))) false)))> : <(real * real) -> bool>

Define staged datatypes

datatype Sreal = Rknown of real | Rminus of Sreal * real | Rplus of Sreal*Sreal | Rsquare of Sreal | Rneg of Sreal | Rcomplex of <real>;

datatype Sbool = Bknown of bool | Bconj of Sbool * Sbool | Bdisj of Sbool * Sbool | Bbetween of Sreal * Sreal * Sreal | Bleq of Sreal*Sreal;

From staged datatype to code

• The staged datatype is an abstract version of the type of answers (the abstraction)

• It contains more information than <answer>, but less information then answer

• This means we can translate from the staged datatype to <answer> but not from the abstraction to answer.

• This is called “concretion”

Abstraction forms a lattice

• Top of the lattice nothing is known in the first stage.

• At the bottom everything is known

• Between we have varying degrees of knowledge.

real

<real>

Rknown 4

Rplus(<x>,3)

Rplus(<x>,<y>)

Rplus(<x>,<y>)

Concretion functionsfun concReal (Rknown r) = lift r | concReal (Rminus(x,y)) = <~(concReal x) - ~(lift y)> | concReal (Rplus(x,y)) = < ~(concReal x) + ~(concReal y) > | concReal (Rsquare x) = <square ~(concReal x) > | concReal (Rneg x) = <neg ~(concReal x) > | concReal (Rcomplex z) = z;

fun concBool (Bknown r) = lift r | concBool (Bconj(x,y)) = <conj ~(concBool x) ~(concBool y)> | concBool (Bdisj(x,y)) = <disj ~(concBool x) ~(concBool y) > | concBool (Bbetween(x,y,z)) = <between ~(concReal x) ~(concReal y) ~(concReal z) > | concBool (Bleq(x,y)) = <leq ~(concReal x) ~(concReal y) >;

Optimizing functions

• With the extra information we can build smart abstraction building functions

fun rminus x 0.0 = x | rminus x y = Rminus (x,y);

fun rsquare (Rknown 1.0) = Rknown 1.0 | rsquare x = Rsquare x;

fun bconj (Bknown true) x = x | bconj x (Bknown true) = x | bconj (Bknown false) _ = Bknown false | bconj _ (Bknown false) = Bknown false | bconj x y = Bconj(x,y);

Now redo the generatorfun mean4 Empty (x,y) = Bknown false | mean4 Univ (x,y) = Bknown true | mean4 (Circle r) (x,y) = bleq (rplus (rsquare x) (rsquare y)) (rsquare (Rknown r) | mean4 (Rect(w,h)) (x,y) = bconj (bbetween (Rneg (Rknown w)) (rplus x x) (Rknown w)) (bbetween (Rneg (Rknown h)) (rplus y y) (Rknown h)) | mean4 (Trans((a,b),r)) (x,y) = mean4 r (rminus x a,rminus y b) | mean4 (Inter(a,b)) pt = bconj (mean4 a pt) (mean4 b pt) | mean4 (Union(a,b)) pt = bdisj (mean4 a pt) (mean4 b pt);

Not the use of the optimizing constructors

val tr3 = <fn (x,y) => ~(concBool (mean4 r1 (Rcomplex <x> ,Rcomplex <y>)))>;

-| val tr3 = <(fn (b,a) => %disj (%leq ((%square ((b %- ~2.0)) %+ %square a)) (1.0)) (%disj (%leq ((%square (((b %- ~2.0) %- 2.0)) %+ %square

a)) (1.0)) (%leq ((%square ((((b %- ~2.0) %- 2.0) %- 2.0)) %+

%square a)) (1.0))))> : <(real * real) -> bool>

• Better but we still have the duplicate code problem. This requires a different approach.

Gib – a generalization of fibbonacci

fun plus n x y = x+y;

fun gib (n,x,y) = case n of 0 => Return mm x | 1 => Return mm y | _ => Do mm { a1 <- gib (n-2,x,y) ; a2 <- gib (n-1,x,y) ; Return mm <plus ~(lift n) ~a1 ~a2 > };

Note that plus does not use its first argument “n”.

We use the first argument to plus as a

marker

fun testGib n = <fn (x,y) => ~(runMM (gib (n,<x>,<y>)))>;testGib 6;

val it = <(fn (b,a) => %plus 6 (%plus 4 (%plus 2 b a) (%plus 3 a (%plus 2 b a))) (%plus 5 (%plus 3 a (%plus 2 b a)) (%plus 4 (%plus 2 b a) (%plus 3 a (%plus 2 b a)))))> : <('1 * '1 ) -> '1 >

Note the code duplication. It doesn’t

come from our staging duplicating code, but

from the way the algorithm works

Classic case for Memoizationfun gib_ksp (n,x,y) = Do mm { a <- look n ; case a of SOME z => Return mm z | NONE => case n of 0 => Return mm x | 1 => Return mm y | _ => Do mm { a1 <- gib_ksp (n-2,x,y) ; a2 <- gib_ksp (n-1,x,y) ; memo n < plus ~(lift n) ~a1 ~a2 > } };

Memo looks up the answer stored under “n” and uses it if its there. If

not, it computes an answer and stores it in

the table.

Observefun test_ksp n = <fn (x,y) => ~(runMM (gib_ksp (n,<x>,<y>)))>;test_ksp 6;

val it = <(fn (b,a) => let val c = %plus 2 b a val d = %plus 3 a c val e = %plus 4 c d val f = %plus 5 d e val g = %plus 6 e f in g end)> : <('1 * '1 ) -> '1 >

Where did the “let”s come

from?

Questions

• Can we somehow hide the messiness of this?

• Can we make it work with the abstraction mechanism we used in the Region language?

A Monad can hide somethings

• The table that code is stored in– The table is indexed by “n”

• The ability to locally name things using “let”, and then use the name instead of the code.

Better Yetfun gib_best (n,x,y) = try2 n (case n of 0 => Return mm x | 1 => Return mm y | _ => Do mm { a1 <- gib_best (n-2,x,y) ; a2 <- gib_best (n-1,x,y) ; Return mm <plus ~(lift n) ~a1 ~a2 > });

fun test_best n = <fn (x,y) => ~(runMM (gib_best (n,<x>,<y>)))>;test_best 6;

<(fn (b,a) => let val c = %plus 2 b a val d = %plus 3 a c val e = %plus 4 c d val f = %plus 5 d e val g = %plus 6 e f in g end)>

The try2 function hides the case

analysis. Note the code looks just like

the original

try2

fun try2 n exp =

Do mm { a <- look n

; case a of

SOME z => Return mm z

| NONE => Do mm { ans <- exp

; memo n ans}

};

The Monad

• ‘a is what’s computed• ‘s is the memo table• ‘c is what we eventually want

datatype ('a,'s,'c) mm = MM of ('s -> ('s -> 'a -> 'c) -> 'c);fun unMM (MM f) = f;

fun mmReturn a = MM (fn s => fn k => k s a);fun mmBind (MM a) f = MM(fn s => fn k => a s (fn s' => fn b => unMM (f b) s' k));val mm = Mon(mmReturn,mmBind);

Operation in the monad

• Find some thing in the memo tablefun look x = let fun h s k = k s (lookup s x) in MM h end;

• Add some value “x” to table indexed under “n”fun memo n x = let fun h s k = <let val z = ~x in ~(k (ext s (n,<z>)) <z>) end> in MM h end;

His is where the “let”s are generated.

Just name it

fun name x =

let fun h s k =

<let val z = ~x in ~(k s <z>) end>

in MM h end;

For examplefun pow 0 i = Return mm <1> | pow 1 i = Return mm i | pow n i = if even n then Do mm { x <- pow (n div 2) i ; Return mm < ~x * ~ x> } else Do mm { x <- pow (n-1) i ; Return mm < ~i * ~ x> }

<(fn a => a %* a %* a %* a %* a %* a %* a %* a %* a %* a)>

Compare withfun powN 0 i = Return mm <1> | powN 1 i = Return mm i | powN n i = if even n then Do mm { x <- powN (n div 2) i ; name < ~x * ~ x> } else Do mm { x <- powN (n-1) i ; name < ~i * ~ x> }

<(fn a => let val b = a %* a val c = b %* b val d = a %* c val e = d %* d in e end)>

Adding Abstract Code

• Like before, Abstract code is a staged datatype for arithmetic expressions.

datatype 'a Code = Simple of < 'a > (* a variable *) | Complex of < 'a > (* a non-trivial exp *) | Known of 'a | Factor of real * 'a Code | Neg of 'a Code;

Optimization

• Optimization has two parts.– A walk over the whole tree to reach every

node– Applying the smart constructors that apply

local optimizations for each kind of node.– The “smart constructors” are italized (and in

red if you’re viewing this in color)

Abstraction Optimizationfun compress (Simple x) = Simple x | compress (Complex x) = Complex x | compress (Known x) = Known x | compress (Add(x,y)) = let fun help (a as (Factor(n,x))) (b as (Add(Factor(m,y),z))) = if n=m then help (Factor(n,add x y)) z else add a b | help a b = add a b in cast (help (cast (compress x)) (cast (compress y))) end | compress (Sub(x,y)) = cast (sub (cast(compress x)) (cast(compress y))) | compress (Factor(n,x)) = cast (mult (cast (Known n)) (cast (compress x)))

Example smart constructor

fun mult (Known 0.0) y = Known 0.0 | mult y (Known 0.0) = Known 0.0 | mult (Known 1.0) y = y | mult y (Known 1.0) = y | mult (Known ~1.0) (Sub(a,b)) = sub b a | mult (Sub(a,b)) (Known ~1.0) = sub b a | mult (Known a) (Factor(b,x)) = mult (Known (a*b)) x | mult (Factor(b,x)) (Known a) = mult (Known (a*b)) x | mult (Known x) c = Factor(x,c) | mult c (Known x) = Factor(x,c) | mult (Factor(c,x)) (Factor(d,y)) = Factor(c*d,mult x y) | mult (Factor(n,c)) d = Factor(n,mult c d) | mult d (Factor(n,c)) = Factor(n,mult c d) | mult x y = Complex < ~(cast(conc (cast x))) * ~(cast(conc (cast y))) >

Details

• In fact, the optimizer (compress) and the smart constructors (add,sub,mult), and the concretion function must be mutually recursive since they call each other.

The concretion functionfun conc x = let fun f (Simple x) = x | f (Complex x) = x | f (Known x) = lift x | f (Factor(~1.0,c)) = cast < unmin ~(cast (conc c)) > | f (Factor(n,c)) = cast < ~(lift n) * ~(cast (conc c)) > | f (Add(x,y)) = cast < ~(cast(conc x)) + ~(cast(conc y)) > | f (Sub(x,y)) = cast < ~(cast(conc x)) - ~(cast(conc y)) > in f x end

Working together• The Monad and the abstract code can be made to work together.nameC : 'c Code -> ('c Code,'a ,<'b >) mm

fun nameC x =

let fun f (x as (Simple _)) = mmReturn x

| f (x as (Known _)) = mmReturn x

| f (x as (Factor(~1.0,Simple _))) = mmReturn x

| f (x as (Factor(_,Simple _))) = mmReturn x

| f (Factor(n,a)) =

MM(fn s => fn k =>

<let val z = ~(conc a)

in ~(k s (Factor(n,Simple <z>))) end>)

| f x = MM(fn s => fn k =>

<let val z = ~(conc x)

in ~(k s (Simple <z>)) end>)

in f (compress x) end;