genes and chromosomes. the chromosome theory of heredity 1.traits are determined by pairs of genes...
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GENES AND CHROMOSOMES
The Chromosome Theory of Heredity
1. Traits are determined by pairs of genes (alleles)
2. A pair of genes are located on a pair of chromosomes, one gene for each trait on each chromosome of a pair.
3. In meiosis, the chromosomes and therefore the genes, segregate independently – one of each pair to a gamete
4. In fertilization, gametes unite resulting in a fertilized egg that has two genes for each trait carried on pairs of chromosomes.
SEX DETERMINATION AND CHROMOSOMES
A. XX-XY CONDITIONS
IN DROSOPHILA: 2n= 8
P: (6 + XX) ♀ (6+ XY) ♂
G: ( 3+ X); (3+X) (3+X) (3+Y)
Homogametes Heterogametes
meiosisAutosomes
(somatic chr)Gonosomes
(sex chr)
6 + XO ♂
6 + XXY ♀
6 + YO zygote dies
P: (44 + XX) ♀ (44+ XY) ♂
G: ( 22+ X); (22+X) (22+X) (22+Y)
Homogametes Heterogametes
IN HUMANS: 2n= 46
44 + XO ♀ (TURNER SYNDROME)
44 + XXY ♂ (KLINEFELTER SYNDROME)
44 + YO ZYGOTE DIES
44 + XXX SUPER FEMALE
44 + XYY POSIBLE SERIAL KILLER*
(TURNER SYNDROME)
(KLINEFELTER SYNDROME)
SUPER FEMALE
B. ZZ-ZW CONDITION
IN CHICKENS: 2n= 18
P: (16 + ZW) ♀ (16 + ZZ) ♂
G: ( 8+Z); (8+W) (8+Z) (8+Z)
Heterogametes Homogametes
C. XX-X0 CONDITION
IN GRASSHOPPER: 2n= 24
P: (22 + XX) ♀ (22 + X0) ♂
G: (11+X); (11+X) (11+X); (11+0)
Homogametes Heterogametes
D. HAPLOID –DIPLOID CONDITION
IN HONEYBEES:
P: (QUEEN) ♀ 2n= 24 (DRONE) ♂ n= 12
G:
meiosis mitosis
eggs spermnn n n nn
parthenogenesis
fertilization
Male larvae (n) Female larvae (2n)
DRONES QUEEN WORKERS
Differentiaton due to difference in diet
Bonellia, If there is more of female individuals in the population, the larva develops into male, which is very small and lives as a parasites in the reproductive system of the female.
In amphibians sex determination is affected by temperature of the environment, and also by hormones.
In some species of animals, sex is determined by environmental conditions or by the presence or absence of the opposite sex
In certain annelids, when the number of segments of the organism is small, it is a male. When the number of segments increase, the organism becomes female.
COLOR BLIND PEDIGREE MAP
dominant inheritance
recessive inheritance
1. Determine if the trait recorded in the pedigree below is dominant or recessive and sex-linked or not. Which of the lettered individuals carry an allele for the trait.
a b
c d
e
f
2. Determine if the trait recorded in the pedigree below is dominant or recessive. Is it sex-linked or not?
b
d
e
a
c
3. Below is a pedigree for four generations of a family, some of whose members exhibit a particular trait. From the information in the pedigree, determine if the trait is dominant or recessive, and sex –linked or not sex-linked. Which of the lettered individuals is a carrier- that is, heterozygous-for the trait?
a
cb
d
4. Determine if the trait recorded in the pedigree below is dominant or recessive and sex-linked or not. Which of the lettered individuals are heterozygous for the trait?
ba
c
f ed
5. The pedigree below shows the blood types of some individuals. List all the possible genotypes of each lettered individuals.
O
A
A
B O
B
O
A B O
e d
AB
a
b
c
f
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