geographical information systems (gis): an essential tool for research, planning, and archival of...
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Geographical Information Systems (GIS):
An Essential Tool for Research, Planning, and Archival of Data for Most Governmental Agencies
Mohammad A. RobUniversity of Houston-Clear Lake
Introduction
Understanding GIS
Applications of GIS: Examples
Use and Applications of GIS in
Bangladesh
Conclusion
Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used to make strategic decisions whenever data have spatial (geographical) distribution
Government agencies use it for assessment and planning in areas such as housing, healthcare, land use, transportation, and environmental monitoring
Businesses use it to locate optimum retail location and delivery route
And of course, we use it everyday in Yahoo! and Google Maps
What is GIS?GIS is a computerized system for input,
storage, management, display, and analysis of data that can be precisely linked to a geographical location (longitude and latitude)
GIS datasets come as layers:a layer for roadsa layer for riversa layer for zip code boundaryall within a particular geographical boundary
A GIS layer data comes in two types:
Raster or Vector
Raster data types are digital images
stored in pixels with reference to earth’s
coordinates
U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) regularly
maps the whole World using satellites
Vector data types are defined by points,
lines and polygons (boundary):
Points: hospitals and fire hydrants
Lines: Roads, highways, and rivers
Polygons: Zip code, county, state, and
country
A layer can have more than one features
Vector data are used in address coding
Each GIS layer has two views: map and data
Manhattan
Bronx
Brooklyn
11696
11385
10465
11413
11364
1143411208
11101
11357
11207
11367
1137711368
11365
11414
11378
10461
11215
11232
11432
10473
11354
11375
11358
11420
11422
11426
11203
11211
11362
11379
11355
11373
11361
11433
11222
1136011105
10460
11412
11423
11356
11427
11236
10469
1143511206
10474
11231
11212
11201
1046210457
11221
11233
11237
11239
11429
10464
11369
11411
11419
11226
11418
11417
10472
11213
11238
10451
10467
10456
10025
10454
11363
10452
10021
11216
11004
10453
11371
10027
10458
10002
11421
11374
11220
11225
10029 10035
11106
11205
10032
11218
10459
11436
11217
11428
11366
1137011103
11102
11372
10455
11416
10001
10019
10031
10468
10040
10009
10034
10474
10011
10023
10003
10016
10013
10035
10033
11415
11430
10014
10024
11251
10022
10128
10036
10475
10464
1001810017
11104
10026
10010
10039
10012
10007
10028
10030
10038
10037
10044
10464
10004
11219
10463
1000510280
10038
11234
10005
Additional statistical data
Zip Code
Most commonly used GIS tool is ArcView from ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute)It uses a geodatabase to store all featuresCan be used as a desktop or multi-user
database
Many federal, state, and local government agencies publish GIS data in the ArcView’s shapefile format
These files can be downloaded from the Web
GIS
Dat
abas
e
In addition to Raster and Vector data for mapping, a shapefile may contain location-based important data such as population, income, voting record, etc.
The data view can be used to:to create a smaller dataset or mapto combine with user data to create a new
layer (as long as there is a common attribute between the GIS data and the user data)
Asthma is a public health concern, especially among children in the U.S.
About 17.3 million Americans have asthma
More than 5000 people die from asthma per year
African Americans suffer more than Caucasians
Females suffer more than males
These statistics do not show any geographical distribution of asthmatic people
Most of the asthma data comes from hospitalization records or surveying a population
These data do not contain any spatial coordinate, but has zip code information
They can be joined with a spatial dataset such as a zip code layer - to create an asthma layer
Zip code from the two datasets can be used as a join parameter
Zip Code Total Number
Surveyed
Number Of Asthmatics
Percent Asthmatics
93015 358 31 8.66
11212 335 68 20.3
11373 288 17 5.9
10029 163 41 25.15
20002 103 15 14.56
10039 101 21 20.79
10027 99 13 13.13
11372 97 5 5.15
10030 88 13 14.77
10031 88 16 18.18
20019 87 22 25.29
10035 83 12 14.46
11758 82 7 8.54
Impo
rtan
t GIS
Par
amet
er
The Asthma data is joined with this zip code data
Manhattan
Bronx
Brooklyn
There are missing Asthma data for some Zip codes
Manhattan
Bronx
Brooklyn
7
76
4
6
79
8
95
9
6
6
0
7
0
7
6
9
7
0
5
10
15
0
27
0
14
0
9
13
0
9
429
5
110
4
12
5
13
15
8
8
4
21
10
17
33
10
28
8
27
12
1419
6
20
12
5
0
12
12
13
0
11
22
14
19
17
13
12
18
25 14
12
18
27
18
0
132011
18
13
28
17
25
31
17
14
14
15
1313
27
24
27
21
19
18
1518
13
High Low Missing Data
Manhattan
Bronx
Brooklyn
0.00
9.36
12.08
6.89
4.27
4.37
8.68
4.93
4.21
10.11
7.33
29.68
26.98
33.28
13.18
7.85
5.89
19.51
8.48
5.07
7.57
3.74
6.25
11.18
4.47
14.08
32.52
13.40
22.42
3.30
8.49
9.09
12.93
6.31
6.28
8.53
13.32
41.68
12.78
13.59
23.54
14.98
5.72
11.04
41.68
7.13
11.97
11.98
4.01
46.22
49.57
23.58
35.38
17.427.63
12.65
6.28
42.82
37.18
37.59
40.80
27.11
2.184.99
3.10
13.49
10.42
18.77
8.05
9.18
29.95
26.55
21.08
40.90
18.07
45.32
16.59
54.50
6.49
45.92
6.08
28.57
46.04
7.79
34.08
32.58
28.83
22.82
17.20
37.94 46.37
15.70
30.90
31.98
17.37
0.00
49.54
10.56
21.13
9.06 100.00
11.62
20.66
13.25
50.63
37.31
9.28
19.39
8.59
8.47
13.89
0.00
33.71
30.81
30.51
25.81
49.57
10.59
13.21
5.77
11.08
16.76
6.61
46.37
7.01
29.34
15.57
7.13
9.34
20.88
6.36
42.43
4.73
14.38
44.01
34.83
17.46
10.95
43.88
25.26
28.52
7.13
17.37
6.88
25.20
13.71
3.8514.29
8.81
25.26
5.55
14.29
Manhattan
Bronx
Brooklyn
7
76
4
6
79
8
95
9
6
6
0
7
0
7
6
9
7
0
5
10
15
0
27
0
14
0
9
13
0
9
429
5
110
4
12
5
13
15
8
8
4
21
10
17
33
10
28
8
27
12
1419
6
20
12
5
0
12
12
13
0
11
22
14
19
17
13
12
18
25 14
12
18
27
18
0
132011
18
13
28
17
25
31
17
14
14
15
1313
27
24
27
21
19
18
1518
13
Asthma
Poverty
2008 mid-term Democratic primary results
In addition to querying addresses in the web, GIS has multiple governmental applications
In Houston, it is used to display real-time traffic and air pollution data on the web
Air pollution monitoring stations in the Harris county area - surrounding the City of Houston
GIS can be used for mapping, data storage, querying, analyzing, and planning for many government and non-government projects:
Recording much-disputed landsControlling population, poverty & diseaseMapping election zones and natural resourcesAssessing river erosion; flood and cyclone damageDistribution of food, gas, power, and waterImprovement of roads, highways and urban areasOptimization of education, healthcare, & sanitary Optimization of fisheries, dairies, cultivation,
forestry, and tourismLaw enforcement, public safety, environment, etc.
Since1970s various government agencies of have been using Raster/image data provided by LANDSAT & other program of U.S.Atomic Energy CommissionGeological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB)Petrobangla
Most activities have been focused on mapping geological and geophysical resources (topography, minerals, petroleum, gas, etc.)
Since 1990s, UNDP has been trying to educate and train GIS personnel in some governmental agencies, especially for the engineering & planning activities in Dhaka & Chittagong cities; however, the progress is slow
Currently, the vector data to display layers for roads, highways, rivers, lakes, forests, and land boundaries in Bangladesh are not available or incomplete
Main data that are available are digitized versions of existing maps of various districts and sub-districts, and they are used by many organizations
There are GIS programs in Geography and Geology departments in few educational institutions; however, true output is yet to be seen
There are some software companies, at least in name, available as well
A central location such as cartography department of GSB should be responsible to develop vector data and make them available to all governmental agencies
Almost all government agencies should have a GIS department with appropriate analysts and technicians
Need to provide appropriate Software, train personnel, have long-term plans and coordination between various agencies
GIS uses various data/map layers to create a map
A layer has two views: data and map, and the user-defined data can be combined with map data to understand and query spatial distribution of data
In developed countries, most data layers are available through various government agencies
GIS can be used in almost all government programs in Bangladesh; however basic vector data needs to developed and people need to be trained
US Geological Survey: http://ww.usgs.gov/ ESRI: http://www.esri.com/index.html Houston-Galveston Area Council GIS:
http://www.h-gac.com/rds/gis/clearinghouse/default.aspx Texas Commission on Environmental Quality GIS:
http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/gis/datalink.html UT-Austin Map Library: http://txdot.lib.utexas.edu/ Bangladesh Government Maps:
http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/maps/index.htm Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
for Preparing the Dhaka Water Supply Project: ADB Report 2005
GIS Implementation in Developing Countries-A United Nations Perspective: http://www.gisqatar.org.qa/conf97/links/m3.html
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