geography!

Geography & Economics: Issues & Problems

LOCATION: Describes “Where is it?”

•LATITUDE- imaginary lines that circle earth parallel to equator & measure distance North & South of Equator .

•Equator lies at 0 degrees latitude. • Poles at 90 degrees N & 90 S.

•LONGITUDE- lines connect from pole to pole & measure distance EAST or WEST of Prime Meridian (O degrees longitude).

•Measure 180 degrees each direction •Lines NOT same distance apart (closer near poles)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjDqhLUzCpE

•GRID SYSTEM- lines of latitude & longitude cross one another

PARTS OF A MAP KEY- explains symbols on a map

•COMPASS ROSE- shows cardinal directions: N, E, S, & W

•intermediate also (NW).

•SCALE- certain measurement on a map represents a certain measurement on earth’s surface.

• DON’T WRITE!!

•All maps distort size, shapes & distances.

•A map projection takes a round earth &

puts it on a flat surface.

DON’T WRITE!!!• Developed countries- produce many goods &

services, employ many workers, hi levels of housing, education, food, technology

• Developing countries- don’t have modern tech. Lack money, resources, & skilled workers. Poor edu, little food or healthcare

•Standard of living: level of comfort & resources available to a society or individual. Looks at: Housing, money education, healthcare.

1. Death rates: number of deaths per 1000 people

2. Birth rates (fertility): avg # of children per woman (2 in US, 7.46 in Niger)

3. Life Expectancy: How many years you will live!

4. Literacy rates: Percent of pop who can read

(97% in US, 25% for men, %9.7 for women in Niger

5. Per capita income-how much money per person a

region earns

•Pop growth rates: add how many people are born & subtract how many die = pop growth rate

• When rates are equal, 0% pop growth

•Population distribution- How people are spread out

•1/3 of Earth’s land is populated, but 1/2 is mtns, deserts & unlivable. Most live near water (rivers, lakes, oceans).

CINCINNATI ON THE RIVER

•Population density- avg # of people per sq mile

Canada-8 people per sq mile

Bangladesh- 2320 per sq mile.

Population trends•2010: 6.9 billion people•By 2050: est 9.4 billion•Developing nations are growing & most developed nations are declining

•Age ranges shifting toward older people due to increase life expect, lower birth & death rates in developed nations

•Huge burden on healthcare

POP DENSITY CHART1. Choose any 2 nations2. Draw a square on each side of the

paper & write the name of the country3. Create a symbol to represent number of

people per square mile4.Determine how many people it

represents Label it! Color it!!! CHAD X = 1 person5. Describe at least 3 problems a hi density nation could experience

•Urbanization (growth of cities) increasing quickly in developing nations

• Cities lack infrastructure to support large pop.  ( structures that support a

society. EX: roads, bridges, water supply, electricity)

*strains facilities such as schools & hospitals & increases crime, unemployment & pollution

URBANIZATION

OVERCROWDED CITY

URBANIZATION________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CAUSES: Why do people move to the city? What kind of

problems are there in the city because of urbanization?

Solutions: how can we fix the problems?

•Mass Migration/movement: People LEAVE an area to escape famine, religious or civil war,

•People MOVE to gain land, political or ‘religious freedoms, money, education, jobs, healthcare.

• 2010- 214 million international immigrants-60% in developed nations

*Refugees move to neighboring nations

& often become scapegoatsduring economic problems

• Brain drain- emigration of many individuals w/ tech skills & knowledge to get better opportunities

Why do people move?

•Ecology: study of relationship btw living things & environment: we adapt to & change the environment (Light clothes in hot areas, irrigation in the desert)

•Population increase has had major impact on environment & resources

•Resources have different values based on place, time, supply & demand.

• renewable resources - replace themselves naturally or can grow continuous supplies

•non-renewable resources- can not be replaced

•Climate (avg weather over long period of time) changes by burning fossil fuels, building dams & deforestation

•Pollution-unclean elements in environment(land, air or water).

FACTORY POLLUTION

Deforestation: cutting down trees for timber & farmland

Biggest issue? Rainforest is 6% of land, but has 50% of plant/ animal species & takes carbon dioxide from environment to turn to oxygen

•Desertification: a relatively dry land region becomes more arid, losing its bodies of water , vegetation & wildlife.

•250 mil affected

SLASH AND BURN FARMING

Greenhouse Effect•Chlorofluorocarbons ( from aerosol cans) destroys ozone layer & acid rain from factories damages land

•Greenhouse effect: global warming caused by

CO2 in atmosphere•Rapid extinction of plants & animals,storms, droughts, melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels

• Other Manmade Disasters: Don’t Write

• Chernobyl • Fukishima Nuclear Plant• Gulf oil spill 2010 • Exxon Valdez

Organizations•Kyoto Protocol: 150 nations met & cut air pollution.US didn’t sign

•UN urges conservation of resources (recyle)

to help create sustainable development (being able to meet basic needs)

•To reduce dependence on oil/gas, use of geothermal & hydroelectric plants & wind farms increases. (if 1/3 of world energy supplied by wind, cut 113 bil metric tons of carbon dioxide!)

•Rooftop gardens insulate roof

Environmental Help: Don’t Write*World Wildlife fund: goal is "to halt &

reverse the destruction of our environment“. Work focuses on the conservation of 3 biomes that contain most of the world‘s biodiversity: forests, freshwater systems & oceans & coasts.  Special detail is on: endangered species, pollution & climate change

Don’t Write!!!!!!!!!• Greenpeace: goals are to: defend the

natural world & promote peace by investigating, exposing & confronting environmental abuse, & championing environmentally responsible solutions

• Save our Environment  uses the internet to increase public awareness and activism on today's most important environmental issues.

• Save Our Earth: dedicated to the rainforests

Movement Questions1. Why are so many people moving?

Describe 5 reasons people move to/from places!

2. Describe 3 problems that cities are experiencing as urbanization increase

3. Pick ONE of your problems. If YOU were the mayor of Fischer City, how would YOU fix the problem! Include details & funding

4. Describe BRAIN DRAIN. Why is it an issue? Explain how it creates a continuing cycle of problems for poor nations?

• Gulf Oil Spill of 2010 has just happened. Millions of gallons of oil have leaked into the ocean & onto the beaches of FLA & ALA, destroying habitats, businesses & animals!

Form an organization to help the problem! a. Create a name for your group b. Outline a brief plan on how your group

would help clean up the mess & bring awareness to it! (include funding & whose help you need)

c. Create an ad or slogan to get people to help d. Describe how this disaster could have been prevented!

1. Examine the stats for the nations 2. Next, answer the questions in

complete sentences. 3. Finally, on the back, address these

additional ??????s a. What do the nations at the top have

in common? What do nations at the bottom have in common?

b. How could a nation potentially change it’s ranking?

c. What is the most surprising placement

of a nation to you ? Why?

BulloniaFact Statistic

Life Expectancy

Men- 31 yrs Women- 33 yrs

Literacy rate 47%

Per capita income

$1223 per year

Birth rate 3.5 kids per woman

Death rate 97/1000

climate Desert in east, cool climates w/ rich soil & rivers in western half

imports Oil, vehicles, wheat, gas, medicine, metals

exports Salt bauxite

1. What do you think the overall is for your country? Is it good or bad? Describe it & explain why.

2. Describe 3 problems you think you nation has3. Pick 1 problem & create a DETAILED solution.

How would it be paid for> Who would run it? What is being fixed? What are the short & long term steps?

4. What positives does your nation have? Describe them. How can they help your nation?

5. Now, think about the positives & if your solution is working, how does that change your nation’s outlook? Explain how these can affect the other standards for your nation?

Readings about the Environment

1. Pick one of the four readings to do. They represent a variety of SOURCES!

2. Read them. Answer the BEFORE, DURING & AFTER Reading questions. 3. Finally, address this: What major

problems is the environment facing today? How can the nations of the world address this? What if things don’t change?

1. Pair up & pick 2 of the 4 readings to do

2. Each person reads ONE. Then share what you have learned about issues in the environment w/ your partner

3. Answer the following together: a. What are the issues facing the environment today? b. How are the problems being caused? c. How can the nations of the world address this? d. What if things don’t change?