geography and the concepts of development

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY AND THE AND THE CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENTCONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT

RAJU J DASRAJU J DAS

LECTURE OUTLINELECTURE OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC VIEW II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC VIEW

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

IV. CONCLUSIONSIV. CONCLUSIONS

V. QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUTV. QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT

I. INTRODUCTIONI. INTRODUCTION

1. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL 1. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENTSIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENT

A. DEVELOPMENT AND POWERA. DEVELOPMENT AND POWER

B. THEORETICAL B. THEORETICAL

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS

1. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

A. TRANSFORMATION OF NATURE

[NATURE, TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY]

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

B. B. TRANSFORMATION OF SPACE

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

2. PER CAPITA GNP

A. GREATER AMOUNT AND HIGHER GROWTH

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

B. CONNECTED TO INDUSTRIALIZATION [% LABOR FORCE IN INDUSTRY OR NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES]

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

C. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT’

Income ratios between the richest 20% and poorest 20% of nations, 1820 - 2000

01020304050607080

1820 1913 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Ratio

= v

alue

/1

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

D. PROBLEMS

– INTRA-NATION SOCIO-SPATIAL INEQUALITIES

– NON-MARKET PRODUCTION (‘BARBER ECONOMY’)

– GENDER-BLINDNESS (‘COWDUNG’ ECONOMY)

II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.)

– WHAT IS MONEY FOR?

Aristotle: ‘wealth is evidently not the good Aristotle: ‘wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else’the sake of something else’

Amartya Sen: ‘If we have reasons to want Amartya Sen: ‘If we have reasons to want wealth, we have to ask: what precisely are wealth, we have to ask: what precisely are these reasons…’these reasons…’

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: DEVELOPMENT AS HUMAN

FREEDOM

1. DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE

ABOUT PROMOTING FREEDOM

A. INCOME-APPROACH IMPORTANT BUT NOT SUFFICIENT

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

B. EXAMPLES OF FREEDOMS

C. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM HAS TWO ASPECTS

D. WHAT DOES FREEDOM ‘DO’?

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

E. SOCIAL/HUMAN DEVELOPMENTE. SOCIAL/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

--CALORIE INTAKE--CALORIE INTAKE

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

--LIFE EXPECTANCY--LIFE EXPECTANCY

--LITERACY--LITERACY

--COMPOSITE INDEX (HDI)--COMPOSITE INDEX (HDI)

----GDIGDI

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

2. SOME DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM [ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT] HAS BEEN ACHIEVED

A. INTERNATIONALLYA. INTERNATIONALLY

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

B. LOCALLY, IN MANY COUNTRIESB. LOCALLY, IN MANY COUNTRIES

[E.G. KERALA, INDIA)[E.G. KERALA, INDIA)

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

3. 3. BUT MANY PEOPLE SUFFER FROM A VARIETY OF UNFREEDOMS

III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.)

4. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM IS NOT JUST A THIRD WORLD MATTER

A. UNEMPLOYENT

B. SURVIVAL RATE

IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES(‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’)’)

1. DEVELOPMENT IS A MULTI- 1. DEVELOPMENT IS A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT IN DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT IN GEOGRAPHY/SOCIAL SCIENCESGEOGRAPHY/SOCIAL SCIENCES

2. DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF ITS 2. DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS IS IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ASPECTS IS IMPORTANT

3. BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS3. BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS

IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’) (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’)

(CONTD.)(CONTD.)

4. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IS A 4. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IS A MORE COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT MORE COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT

V. QUESTIONS V. QUESTIONS FOR SMALL-GROUP MEETINGS

1. WHY IS TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGE AN IMPORTANT

ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT

GEOGRAPHICALLY?

2. WHY IS GNP PER CAPITA PROBLEMATIC AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT?

VV. QUESTIONS . QUESTIONS (CONTD.)

3. WHY IS LOOKING AT DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IMPORTANT?

4. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM?

VV. QUESTIONS . QUESTIONS (CONTD.)

5. WHAT OTHER CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE SIMILAR TO DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM? (HINTS: HDI; GDI)

6. CAN YOU THINK ABOUT POSSIBLE REASONS UNDERLYING THE LACK OF FREEDOM FROM HUNGER?

VI: READINGSVI: READINGS

CHAPTER 7 OF THE TEXTBOOK (THE CHAPTER 7 OF THE TEXTBOOK (THE ENTIRE CHAPTER)ENTIRE CHAPTER)