gestational diabetes among asian american women: a paradox in disease burden tam h. nguyen, phd,...
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GESTATIONAL DIABETES AMONG ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN: A PARADOX IN DISEASE BURDEN
Tam H. Nguyen, PhD, MSN/MPH, RN
Objectives
Provide a brief overview of Gestational DM
Discuss the prevalence (burden of disease) of GDM among Asian Americans
Provide some rationales & solutions
Gestational DM
Definition: Glucose intolerance with onset or 1st recognition during pregnancy (ADA, 2006)
Complications related to GDM
Maternal Increased risk of:
Caesarean birth Vaginal tearing Hypertensive
disorders DM later life
Infant Increased risk of
Macrosomia (Being large for gestational age)
Shoulder dystocia Birth trauma Childhood obesity DM later in life
…. A paradox in disease burden
So how big of a burden is GDM among Asian Americans?
Prevalence of GDM among Asian Americans & Problems with data
Studies do not always report population level data
There is lack of consensus regarding diagnostic tests and cut-off values
Different sources data (birth records vs. hosp. discharge info) result in biased findings.
Therefore, we conducted systematic review of the prevalence of GDM among AAPIs using population based studies
GDM diagnostic criteria
Carpenter & Coustan National Diabetes Data
Group International Association
of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG)
50g Oral glucose loading test At 24 to 28 weeks GDM: >130-140 mg/dL
100g Diagnostic Oral glucose loading test GDM: >
Systematic review of GDM prevalence among Asian Americans
Medline61
CINAHL73
Embase99
Abstracts Reviewed(n=206)
Reviewer 1Screening of all titles and abstracts
Reviewer 1Full text review for inclusion (n=32)
Reviewer 2Screening of all titles and abstracts
Reviewer 2Full text review for inclusion (n=25)
ConsensusAgreed + Individual (n=26)
Included publications(n=14)
Duplicates: (n=27)
Rejected based on title & abstract:
(n=181)
Rejected based on title & abstract:
(n=174)
Excluded References Did not meet inclusion criteria (n=12)
Findings (n= 14 studies)
Sample Size: n = 3,779 to 3,108,877
4 were from national databases,
6 were from single state
4 were from single hospital records
Gestational Diabetes: 11 studies
PrevalenceAAPI: 3.9 -
16.3%Hispanics: 3.1 -
12.1%Whites: 2.2 - 6.8%
Blacks: 1.7 - 10.5%
GDM by Asian American subgroup
6 of the 14 studies provided disaggregated data But not all in the same way
That data suggests that Asian Indians and Pacific Islanders had the highest rates of GDM
GDM among Asian American by BMI
4 studies reported baseline BMI data
Possible reasons for increased risk of DM despite lower BMI
“Thrifty gene” hypothesis
This hypothesis proposes that this diabetic genotypes may confer a survival advantage during times of famine by maximizing excess food energy but increase risk for obesity and diabetes during times of long-term food abundance (Groop and Orho-Melander, 2001).
Possible reasons for increased risk of DM despite lower BMI Differences in body composition
Impact of these findings…and what we can we do
Impact
Rising GDM may influence future disparities in DM among Asian Americans
Increase the risk of OBESITY among Asian American children
Things we can do…
Break the silence.., share this knowledge
Things we can do…
Prompt screening and TIGHT metabolic control during & after pregnancy is imperative!
Unique opportunity for population based genome studies
What does “TIGHT” control mean? Keeping your glucose
level as close to normal as possible
70-130 mg/dL before meals
Less than 180 mg/dL after meals
Meal planning & regularly checking blood sugar
Preventing GDM
Control your weight (& your waist)
Increase physical fitness
Increase sleep & sleep quality
Tune up your diet
Preventing GDM
Choose good fats over bad fats
Limit red meat & processed meat
If you smoke, try to quit
Avoid stress
THANK YOU
tam.nguyen@bc.edu
Eat Less, Move More
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